Kubera iki mu myaka 500 iheze kugira ubwato burengane mu muhora wa Hormuz bwategerezwa gusaba uruhusha?

Muri Kigarama (12) mu 1602, umudandaza wo ku kivuko ca Basora mu Buhindi yashaka kurungika ubwato bwiwe mu rugendo aho bwari guca mu muhora wa Hormuz butwaye umuceri. Ariko kugira ashike iyo yaja, kuba yari afise ubwato n'ibidandazwa ntivyari bihagije.

Abategetsi b'Abanya Portugal ni bo bategerezwa gutanga urupapuro rwitwa « Kartaz » kugira urwo rugendo rushoboke. Urwo rupapuro rwaba rurimwo amakuru yose yerekeye ubwato, inzira bwategerezwa gucamwo, amategeko n'ivyo bwasabwa kwubahiriza. Muri ico gihe, Portugal yarondera kugenzura uruja n'uruza muri uwo muhora ikoresheje ubwato bwayo bw'intambara n'ibirindiro vya gisirikare vyari muri ako karere. Kutagira 'Kartaz' vyashobora gutuma ubwato n'imizigo bifatwa.

Igopi y'urwo rupapuro iracabitswe muri « Bureau des Kartaz », ni ukuvuga ibiro (canke ikibanza) bishingurwamwo inyandiko zo muri kahise zifitaniye isano na Kartaz muri reta ya Goa, mu Buhindi.

Nagendra Rao na P.K. Sudarshan, abigisha bo kuri kaminuza ya Goa, mu bushakashatsi bwibanda kuri ivyo biro bagize, bavuga ko Kartaz muri rusangi yamara ikiringo c'umwaka umwe, kandi igiciro cayo kigashingwa bivanye n'iyo ubwato bwaja hamwe n'ubwoko bw'urugendo.

Rao yabwiye BBC Persian ati: « Abanya Portugal basaba amafaranga kugira batange urwo rwandiko, ariko mu vy'ukuri rwari nk'urwandiko rw'uruhusha rwafasha abadandaza kurengana mw'ibahari Indiyano batwaye imizigo n'ibidandazwa vyabo ata kwicura ibitero vy'Abanya Portugal n'ubwato bwabo bw'intambara. »

Mu ntambara ya vuba hagati ya Irani na Iraki, igihe hashirwaho amafaranga ategerezwa kurihwa n'ubwato butandukanye buca mu muhora wa Hormuz, haciye hasubira kuvyuka ikibazo c'ukuntu muri kahise uruja n'uruza muri uwo muhora rwagiye rugenzurwa.

Mw'isesangura ryanditse riheruka gusohoka, Sanjoy Joshi, arongoye Observer Research Foundation, avuga ko Kartaz y'Abanya Portugal yari intango y'ico yise « ukuganza no kugenzura ikiyaga ku nguvu ».

Asigura ko ubwami bw'Abanya Portugal bwo muri Aziya butari bwubatswe ngo bwigarurire ibihugu binini, ahubwo bwari bwashinzwe mu ntumbero yo kuganza no kugenzura imihora ihambaye ubwato bwacamwo nka Hormuz, Malacca na Aden. Ku bwiwe, ubwo buryo burafitaniye isano n'ingorane ziriko ziraba muri iki gihe mu muhora wa Hormuz.

Abanya Portugal baratoza amafaranga muri Hormuz, bakagira uruhara runini mu bijanye n'ubudandaji bwo ku kivuko no kwegeranya amakori. Vyongeye, baratanga n'impusha zo gutwara ubwato. None kartaz yoba yari « intambamyi ku bwigenge bw'uruja n'uruza mu muhora wa Hormuz »?

Sanjay Subramaniam, umuhinga azwi cane mu vya kahise k'ibiyaga n'ibahari Indiyano akaba n'umwigisha muri kaminuza ya California i Los Angeles, yishuye BBC Persian ku bijanye n'ico kibazo ati: « Kartaz, canke uruhusha rwo gutwara ubwato, wari umukenyuro wagutse wari ufise intumbero yo kugenzura uruja n'uruza rw'ubwato n'ubucuruzi bw'ibidandazwa bimwe bimwe, nk'ipiripiri n'ibindi birungo, 'salpêtre'[ubumara bukoreshwa mu gukora ibisasu], hamwe n'abaja. Ntivyari bijanye no kurihisha amafaranga yo guca muri uwo muhora. »

Ubutunzi bwa Hormuz bwava hehe imbere y'uko Abanya Portugal bayigarurira?

Kuva kera cane, imbere y'uko Abanya Portugal bahashika, Hormuz kari kamwe mu burere bukomeye bw'ubudandaji bufise aho buhurira n'ibahari Indiyano. Mw'isesangura ryiwe rifise umutwe « Hormuz mu gihe c'Aba Islam », ryo mu gitabu Encyclopedia Iranica, Willem Flore avuga ko mu mpera z'ikinjana ca 13, umutekano muke warangwa mu bumanuko bushira ubuseruko bwa Irani watumye abategetsi ba Hormuz bimurira icicaro c'ubutegetsi ku nkengera z'ikiyaga, hafi ya Minab amaja kw'izinga rya Jeron, izinga ryahavuye ryitwa Hormuz.

Iryo zinga ntiryari rifise amazi meza yo kunywa canke amatongo yo kurimamwo. Ivya nkenerwa nka vyose vyava ku mugabane canke ku mazinga yari hafi.

Ubutunzi bwa Hormuz ntibwaturuka ku vyaba bisanzwe kuri iryo zinga. Ahubwo bwava ku kuntu ryari rifise ikivuko gihambaye rwose kiri mu kibanza ciza, ku bwinshi bw'abadandaza baharangurira imirimo canke bahaba, hamwe no kuba ryari rifatanye n'inzira zikomeye z'ubudandaji zo ku butaka no ku kiyaga.

Willem Flore asigura ko Hormuz kahavuye kaba akarere nyamukuru gakoreshwa cane rwose (kakanahurirwako na benshi) mu kwinjiza canke mu gushora ibidandazwa mu turere n'ibihugu vyo mu kigobe.

Inkuru z'abafata ingendo na zo nyene zirerekana ko isoko rya Hormuz ryari riteye imbere cane muri ico gihe. Mu kinjana ca 14, Ibn Battuta yaryise igisagara kinini kandi giteye imbere, cari gifise amasoko manini kandi meza. Abd al-Razzaq Samarkandi, yashitse i Hormuz mu 1442, yavuze ko hariyo abadandaza bava mu Misiri, mu karere ka Levant, muri Anatoliya, mu mihingo yose ya Irani, mu Bushinwa, i Zanzibar no muri Aden.

Umudandaza w'Umurusiya Fanazi Nikitin na we yavuze ko hari isoko ryateye imbere, ryakwega abantu n'ibidandazwa biva hirya no hino kw'isi. Yaragarutse kandi no ku makori menshi y'ubucuruzi yatangirwa i Hormuz.

Amakuru ya kahise arerekana neza ko hari amakori yatangishwa ku bidandazwa vyinjira ku kivuko, ivyagurishwa i Hormuz canke ibindi vyasubira kurungikwa bivuye kuri iryo zinga. Vyongeye, ubutegetsi bwa Hormuz bwatoza amakori ku bivuko no mu ntara bwatwara.

Nk'uko Willem Flor abivuga, yisunze ubushakashatsi bw'abahinga mu vya kahise, abami ba Hormuz ubwabo « baratanga ikori ry'umwaka (maqariyyah) ku bategetsi bo ku mugabane, kugira ngo ubudandaji bwerekeza canke buva kuri iryo zinga bugire umutekano. »

Mu vy'ukuri, imbere y'uko Abanya Portugal bigarurira Hormuz, hari hasanzweho ubwoko butandukanye bw'amahera yarihwa muri ako karere. Abanya Portugal si bo ba mbere bungukiye ku budandaji bwa Hormuz. Amakori atandukanye hamwe n'ingingo zo gukingira uburenganzira bw'abadandaza vyari bisanzweho n'imbere y'umuzo w'ingoma ya Portugal.

Kartaz yakora gute?

Nk'uko abashakashatsi n'abahinga mu vya kahise babivuga, Kartaz cari igisa no kuvanga impapuro ziranga ubwato, uruhusha rwabwo hamwe n'amategeko agenga uruja n'uruza mu mazi. Kartaz yatuma uwuyifise agenda mu kiyaga aticura guterwa n'Abanya Portugal.

Portugal ntiyakora Kartaz yihariye kuri Hormuz gusa. Uwo mugambi wari usanzwe ukoreshwa mu mihingo itandukanye y'ibahari Indiyano kuva mu ntango z'ikinjana ca 16, kandi Hormuz yari imwe mu nzira zikomeye z'uwo mugambi.

Kubera ububasha bwayo bwa gisirikare, Portugal yategeka ko ubundi bwato bwose bw'abandi butegerezwa kuba bufise uruhusha kugira bwemererwe kurengana.

Ubushakashatsi bwagizwe na Rao na Sudarshan, bo muri Kaminuza ya Goa, burerekana ko urwo rwandiko haba havugwamwo izina ry'ubwato n'irya nyenebwo, igitigiri c'ibiti bibushigikira, ubushobozi bw'ubwato, ibikoresho vyabwo, abakozi baburimwo, umuyobozi w'inzira, umukuru w'ubwato, igitigiri c'inkoho, rimwe rimwe n'igitigiri c'abasirikare.

Ikindi gice c'urwo rwandiko caratomora inzira ubwato bwategerezwa gucamwo, amategeko n'ivyo bwategerezwa kwubahiriza vyose mu rugendo.

Kutubahiriza ayo mategeko vyashobora gutuma ubwato, imizigo butwaye n'abakozi babwo bifatwa. Kartaz yamara umwaka umwe.

Nk'uko Sanjay Subramaniam abivuga, ubwato bumwe bwose bwaba bufise Kartaz bwasabwa guhagarara mu bibanza birihirwamwo amakori kugira bubanze bwisuganye.