GWERS 98

CYFLWYNYDD:     BASIL DAVIES

NOD:	Defnyddio’r ffurfiau goddefol  (Using the Passive  -  conveying actions which are imposed on people / things.)

	Geirfa

	geni	-	to be born	magu		-	to raise, bring up
	addysgu	-	to educate	dal					-	to catch
	gyrru	-	to drive		cosbi (am)	-	to punish (for)
	gweld		-	to see		dewis				-	to choose, select		chwarae		-	to play		anafu				-	to injure
		claddu		-		to bury		lladd				-	to kill
		saethu		-		to shoot		llofruddio		-	to murder,
		adeiladu		-	to build									 to assasinate
		peintio		-	to paint		codi					-	to raise, build	
		agor			-		to open

		pum degau	-	fifties		chwedegau	-		sixties
		saith degau	-	seventies	wythdegau	-	eighties

		hewl f		-		road (S.W.)	ffordd f			-	road
		Arlywydd	-		President	damwain f	-	accident
		dyn			-		man 		ysgol f				-	school
		ysgol ramadeg	-	grammar 	ysgol gyfun	-	comprehensive 					     school								   school
		pont f			-	bridge		rhyfel				-		war	
		maer			-	mayor 		ardal				-		locality, area
		neuadd f		-		hall 

		y Barri				-	Barry		Pont Hafren	-	  	The Severn                 														    Bridge
		y Rhyl		-	Rhyl		yr India			-	India
		
		yn gyflym	-	fast			rhy gyflym	-	too fast

		pan		-		when		gan					-		by (a person)
		mewn		-		in a (an)
	i'r tîm	-		for the 	dros Gymru	-		for Wales,	
					team								   on behalf of Wales
	yn ystod	-	during		drwy				-	through

RHAN 1

	1.	The passive voice is conveyed by using 'was' in English  -  but it is important to recognise a sentence as being passive and not an active one.

	(a)   Active sentences

				I was seeing			(Roeddwn i'n gweld )
				I was catching		(Roeddwn i'n dal)
				I was punishing		(Roeddwn i'n cosbi)

		i.e. ‘I’ undertook the action of the verb  -   ‘I’ did the seeing / catching /    punishing

	(b)   Passive sentencs

				I was seen		
				I was caught					
				I was punished	

		i.e.	The action of the verb is done to me.  -  i.e. The seeing / catching / 
			punishing was done to me.

	So take care   -   the verb 'was' appears in both active and passive sentences in English

				I was seeing
					I was seen

	But in Welsh we use different verbs.  In a passive sentence we 'receive' the action of the verb.

				Roeddwn i'n gweld 	(I was seeing)
				Fe ges i fy ngweld 	(I was seen)

	2.	In order to convey a passive action in Welsh, the pattern is formed based on the verb 'cael’ (‘to have’,’ to receive’)

	If the action takes place in the past, then we need Past Tense forms of 'cael'

	3.	The  'I' form is:

				Fe / Mi ges i

	This is followed by the possessive 'fy' (which is followed by a Nasal Mutation)

				Fe / Mi ges i fy...

			geni		Fe ges i fy ngeni		-	I was born
			magu		Mi ges i fy magu		-	I was raised
			dal		Fe ges i fy nal			-	I was caught
			cosbi		Mi ges i fy nghosbi	-	I was punished
	gweld		Fe ges i fy ngweld	-	I was seen

		Fe / Mi ges i fy ngeni yn Llanelli.
		- I was born  in Llanelli.

		Fe ges i fy ngeni ym 1950.
		- I was born in 1950.

		Mi ges i fy magu ym Mangor yn ystod y rhyfel.
		- I was brought up in Bangor during the war.

		Fe ges i fy addysgu yn Ysgol Gymraeg Rhydfelen.
		- I was educated in (at) Rhydfelen Welsh School.

		Mi ges i fy nal yn gyrru'n gyflym yn Aberystwyth.
		- I was caught driving fast in Aberystwyth.

		Fe ges i fy nghosbi am yrru'n rhy gyflym drwy'r dref.
		- I was punished for driving too fast through the town.

	
	4.	The 'you' (‘chi') form of 'cael' is

				Fe / Mi gawsoch chi

	This is followed by 'eich'

					Fe / Mi gawsoch chi eich . . .

		Fe / Mi gawsoch chi eich geni yn Llundain.
		- You were born in London.

		Fe gawsoch chi eich dewis i chwarae dros Gymru.
		- You were chosen (selected) to play for Wales.

	5.	The 'you' (ti) form of 'cael' is

				Fe / Mi gest ti

	This is followed by 'dy' (which causes a Soft Mutation)

					Fe / Mi gest ti dy . . .

		Fe / Mi gest ti dy ddewis i'r tîm.
		- You were chosen for the team.

		Fe gest ti dy ddal yn gyrru'n rhy gyflym.
		- You were caught driving too fast.

	6.	There is no mutation after ‘Pryd?’, ‘Ble?’, ‘Sut?’ and  ‘Pam?’

		Pryd cawsoch chi eich dewis?
		- When were you chosen?

		Pryd cawsoch chi eich dal?
		- When were you caught?

		Ble cawsoch chi eich geni?
		- Where were you born?

		Sut cawsoch chi eich anafu?
		- How were you injured?

		Pam cawsoch chi eich cosbi?
		- Why were you punished?

		Pryd cest ti dy anafu?
		- When were you injured?

		Ble cest ti dy fagu?
		- Where were you raised?

		Sut cest ti dy ddal?
		- How were you caught?

		Pam cest ti dy gosbi?
		- Why were you punished?

			
RHAN 2

	1.	The 3rd person singular form of 'cael' is

				Fe / Mi gafodd…. 

	2.	The masculine form is followed by 'ei' (which causes a Soft Mutation)

					Fe / Mi gafodd e (o) ei …
				Fe / Mi gafodd Bob ei…

	Remember the Soft Mutation after the masculine 'ei'

				Fe / Mi gafodd John ei gladdu 		   (claddu)
				Fe / Mi gafodd e (o)'i ladd 			(lladd)
				Fe / Mi gafodd y dyn ei eni 			(geni)
				Fe / Mi gafodd e (o)'i fagu 			(magu)
				Fe / Mi gafodd e (o)'i lofruddio 	   (llofruddio)
				Fe / Mi gafodd e (o)'i ddewis 			(dewis)
		Fe gafodd John ei eni ym 1960 yn Y Drenewydd.
		- John was born in 1960 in Newtown.

		Mi gafodd Lloyd George ei gladdu yn Llanystumdwy.
		- Lloyd George was buried in Llanystumdwy.

		Fe gafodd Kennedy ei lofruddio pan oedd e'n Arlywydd.
		- Kennedy was assasinated when he was President.

		Fe gafodd e'i saethu gan Lee Harvey Oswald.
		- He was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald.

		Mi gafodd y dyn ei anafu mewn damwain.
		- The man was injured in an accident.

		Ble cafodd John Kennedy ei ladd?
		- Where was John Kennedy killed?

		Sut cafodd e'i ladd?
		- How was he killed?

	3.	Notice  -  we can say in a certain year in two ways:

	in 1976	   -	ym mil naw saith chwech      in 2002    -   yn nwy fil a dau  
			        yn un naw saith chwech                            yn nau dim dim dau

	4.	The feminine form is followed by 'ei' (which causes an Aspirate Mutation)

				Fe / Mi gafodd hi ei…
				Fe / Mi gafodd Mair ei…

	Remember the Aspirate Mutation after the feminine 'ei'.  Only 3 consonants are affected

			c  >  ch     p  >  ph     t  >  th

				Fe / Mi gafodd Mair ei chladdu 	  		(claddu)
				Fe / Mi gafodd y bont ei chodi			(codi)
				Fe / Mi gafodd yr ysgol ei pheintio		(peintio)
	
	Other consonants aren't affected

				Fe / Mi gafodd hi ei lladd.
				Fe / Mi gafodd Siân ei geni.
				Fe / Mi gafodd hi ei dewis.

		Fe gafodd Mair ei geni ym 1976 ym Merthyr Tudful.
		- Mair was born in 1976 in Merthyr Tudful.

		Fe gafodd hi ei chladdu yn y Rhyl.
		- She was buried in Rhyl.

		Mi gafodd Mrs Gandhi ei llofruddio yn yr India.
		- Mrs Gandhi was assasinated in India.

		Mi gafodd y neuadd ei chodi yn y saithdegau.
		- The hall was built in the 70's.

		Mi gafodd fy chwaer ei haddysgu mewn ysgol ramadeg.
		- My sister was educated in a grammar school.

		Fe gafodd y ferch ei lladd mewn damwain ar y ffordd.
		- The girl was killed in an accident on the road.

		Mi gafodd y bont ei hadeiladu dros Afon Hafren yn y chwedegau.
		- The bridge was built over the River Severn in the 60's.
		
		Fe gafodd yr ystafell ei pheintio yr wythnos ddiwethaf.
		- The room was painted last week.

		Mi gafodd yr ysgol ei hagor yn y tridegau.
		- The school was opened in the 30's.

		Ble cafodd hi ei lladd?
		- Where was she killed?

		Pryd cafodd yr ystafell ei pheintio?
		- When was the room painted?

		Pryd cafodd y bont ei chodi?
		- When was the bridge built (raised)?

	
	5.	'codi' can be used to convey 'to build' as well as 'to raise' and 'to lift'

		Pryd cafodd y bont ei chodi?
- When was the bridge built (raised)?

		Mi gafodd y neuadd ei chodi yn y saithdegau.
		- The hall was built in the 70's.

		Pryd cafodd y castell ei godi?
- When was the castle built?

	6.	When a word beginning with a VOWEL follows the feminine 'ei'  -  it 'grows' an ‘h’ in front of the vowel.

				Fe gafodd y bont ei hadeiladu ym 1983.
				Mi gafodd Mair ei haddysgu yn y Barri.
				Fe gafodd y neuadd ei hagor gan y Maer.

	7.	Sgwrs

		Nigel:	'Dych chi ddim yn edrych yn hapus.  Beth sy'n bod?
		Basil:	Fe ges i fy stopio gan yr heddlu.
		Nigel:	Ble cawsoch chi eich stopio?
		Basil:	Fe ges i fy stopio ar y ffordd allan o Gaerdydd y prynhawn
				'ma.
		Nigel:	Pam cawsoch chi eich stopio?
		Basil:	Fe ges i fy stopio am yrru'n gyflym mewn ardal pedwar 
				deg milltir yr awr.  Ond rydych chi'n edrych yn hapus iawn.
				Pam?
		Nigel:	Fe glywais i'r newyddion ar y radio.  Fe ges i fy newis i
				chwarae rygbi dros Gymru eto.
		Basil:	Llongyfarchiadau!

	8.	Three examlpes of Passive verbs

	geni							 addysgu								cicio
	Fe/Mi ges i fy ngeni			Fe ges i fy addysgu					Mi ges i fy nghicio	
	Fe/Mi gest ti dy eni			Fe gest ti dy addysgu				Mi gest ti dy gicio
	Fe/Mi gawsoch chi eich geni	Fe gawsoch chi eich addysgu	Mi gawsoch chi eich cicio
	Fe/Mi gafodd e(o) ei eni		Fe gafodd e (o) ei addysgu		Mi gafodd e(o) ei gicio
	Fe/Mi gafodd hi ei geni		Fe gafodd hi ei haddysgu.		Mi gafodd hi ei chicio