GWERS 91

CYFLWYNYDD:     CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:	    Cyflwyno'r ffurfiau dyfodol cryno  (Introducing the concise future 	    tense forms).

	Geirfa

		penderfynu	-	to decide	trefnu	-	to arrange,
		gweld	-	to see			  to organise
		archebu	-	to order	postio	-	to post
			dewis		-	to choose	crasu		-	to bake
			coginio	-	to cook	prynu		-	to buy
			paratoi	-	to prepare	anfon (at)	-	to send (to)
			ysgrifennu (at)	-	to write (to)	gwahodd	-	to invite
			torri		-		to cut			benthyg		-	to borrow
			dawnsio	-		to dance		chwarae	-	to play games 
									                      gemau

			bara		-	bread	cig		-	meat
			teisen(nau) f	-	cake(s)	cwrw		-	beer
		gwahoddiad	-	invitation	bwyd(ydd)	-	food(s)
		gwahoddiadau	- 	invitations 	diod(ydd)  f	-	drink(s),
		potel(i)  f	-	bottle(s)		          beverage(s)
				cyfaill,	-		friend		ffrind(iau)	-	friend(s)
				cyfeillion	-		friends	cymydog	-	neighbour
				llythyr(au)	-			letter(s)		cymdogion	-	neighbours
			bisgien  f	-		biscuit			brechdan(au)-		sandwich(es)	
			creision	-		crisps			bisgedi		-	biscuits
			cyllell  f		-	knife			fforc   f		-	fork
			cyllyll		-		knives			ffyrc			-	forks
			llwy(au)  f	-		spoon(s)		llestri			-	dishes
			cerdyn	-		card	

			efallai('falle)	-			perhaps

				ein			-	our	eu		-	their

			oer		-		cold

		yfory	-	tomorrow	ar unwaith	-		at once
		heno	-	tonight	cyn bo hir	-	before long
			yno		-	there

			bore yfory		-	tomorrow morning	
			prynhawn yfory		-	tomorrow afternoon			
			nos yfory		-	tomorrow night

			erbyn yfory			-	by tomorrow	
			erbyn y bore			-	by the morning	 
			erbyn bore yfory			-	by tomorrow morning			 
				erbyn diwedd yr wythnos	-	by the end of the week
				cyn diwedd yr wythnos	-	before the end of the week

RHAN 1

	1.	There are two concise tenses on which we need to concentrate.  By concise we mean a verb form in which endings are added to the stem or root

		We've already looked at the Past Tense

			e.g.	gweld	-	Fe/Mi welais i
							Fe/Mi welaist ti
				trefnu	-	Fe/Mi drefnais i
							Fe/Mi drefnaist ti.

				
	2.	We shall now look at the concise Future forms

		 The 1st person singular ending is   - af i

				penderfynu		-	Fe / Mi benderfynaf i	-	I'll decide
				trefnu		-	Fe / Mi drefnaf i		-	I'll arrange
				archebu		-	Fe / Mi archebaf i		-	I'll order
				gweld		-	Fe / Mi welaf i			-	I'll see

	Again you'll notice, the positive marker ‘Fe / Mi’ is normally used in speech (causing the verb to undergo a Soft Mutation).
	As with the concise Past Tense, it is often omitted in narrative.

	You are aware by now, that we are rather lazy about pronouncing the final f on words  (pentre', tre', adre', gaea', cynta' etc).  This applies to our verb endings too.

			Fe benderfyna' i			Mi drefna' i
					Mi archeba' i		Fe wela' i

		Fe / Mi benderfyna' i yfory.
			- I'll decide tomorrow.

			Fe / Mi drefna' i'r parti ar unwaith.
			- I'll arrange the party at once.

		Fe / Mi bostia' i'r gwahoddiadau heno.
- I'll post the invitations tonight.

	3.	The 2nd person singular ending is   - i di

				penderfynu		-	Fe / Mi benderfyni di	-	You'll decide
				trefnu		-	Fe / Mi drefni di		-	You'll arrange
				archebu		-	Fe / Mi archebi di		-	You'll order
				gweld		-	Fe / Mi weli di		-	You'll see

		Fe / Mi archebi di'r bwyd yfory.
			- You'll order the food tomorrow.

			Fe / Mi archebi di fwyd yfory.
			- You'll order food tomorrow.

			Fe / Mi bosti di'r gwahoddiadau cyn bo hir.
			- You'll post the invitations before long.

		Fe / Mi weli di Bob yno.
			- You'll see Bob there.

	4.		The 3rd person ending is   - iff ( - ith in some parts of Wales)

				prynu	-		Fe / Mi bryniff hi	-	She'll buy
					crasu	-		Fe / Mi grasiff hi		-	She'll bake
				dewis	-		Fe / Mi ddewisiff Tom	-	Tom will choose

			Fe / Mi bryniff Tom y bara bore yfory.
			- Tom will buy the bread tomorrow morning.

				Fe / Mi bryniff Tom fara bore yfory.
				- Tom will buy bread tomorrow morning.

				Fe / Mi ddewisiff e(o) gig oer.
				- He'll choose cold meat.

				Fe / Mi grasiff Mair deisen nos yfory.
				- Mair will bake a cake tomorrow night.

				Fe / Mi goginiff hi.
			- She'll cook.

	5.	As with the concise Past Tense forms, the direct object of the verb undergoes a Soft Mutation  -  if that object is indefinite.

			Fe bosti di wahoddiad Tom yfory.
			- You'll post Tom's invitation tomorrow.
			
			Mi archeba' i ddiod yfory.
			- I'll order drink tomorrow.

			Fe archeba' i dair potel.
- I'll order three bottles.

				Fe bryniff Sam gig.	
- Sam will buy meat.

		If the object is definite  -  it often has 'the' in front of it 

				Fe bryniff Sam y cig.	
				- Sam will buy the meat.

	6.	Notice the following word order in English 

				Fe anfona’ i gerdyn at Basil.
- I’ll send a card to Basil.
- I’ll send Basil a card.

RHAN 2

	1.	The 1st person plural ending is   - wn ni

				paratoi		-	Fe / Mi baratown ni		-	We'll prepare
				gwahodd		-	Fe / Mi wahoddwn ni	-	We'll invite
				anfon		-	Fe / Mi anfonwn ni		-	We'll send

				Fe / Mi anfonwn ni wahoddiad at Sam.
			- We'll send an invitation to Sam.
			- We'll send Sam an invitation.

				Fe / Mi wahoddwn ni ein cyfeillion cyn diwedd yr wythnos.
				- We'll invite our friends before the end of the week.

	2.		The 3rd person plural ending is   - an nhw

		paratoi		-	Fe / Mi baratoan nhw	-	They'll prepare
		gwahodd		-	Fe / Mi wahoddan nhw	-	They'll invite
		anfon			-	F e/ Mi anfonan nhw	-	They'll send

				Fe / Mi ysgrifennan nhw at eu cymdogion.
				- They'll write to their neighbours.

			Fe / Mi baratoan nhw fwyd erbyn yfory.
				- They'll prepare food by tomorrow.

	3.		The 2nd person plural (+ singular 'polite') is  - wch chi

				torri		-	Fe / Mi dorrwch chi		-	You'll cut
				chwarae		-	Fe / Mi chwaraewch chi	-	You'll play
				benthyg		-	Fe / Mi fenthycwch chi	-	You'll borrow

			Fe / Mi dorrwch chi frechdanau.
			-You'll cut sandwiches.

				Fe / Mi dorrwch chi'r brechdanau.
				- You'll cut the sandwiches.

				Fe / Mi fenthycwch chi lestri.
				- You'll borrow dishes.
	
				Fe / Mi chwaraewch chi gemau.
			- You'll play games.

4.		Remember the difference between these pairs of sentences

	Fe / Mi baratown ni'r bwyd.
	Fe / Mi baratown ni fwyd.

		Fe / Mi anfonan nhw'r gwahoddiadau.
		Fe / Mi anfonan nhw wahoddiadau.

	5.		Notice the hardening of the ‘g’ in the root of

				benthyg	-	benthyc-		Fe fenthycwch chi
										Mi fenthyca’ i

		benthyg gan / oddi wrth		-	    to borrow from

				Fe / Mi fenthyca' i lestri gan Mair.
				- I'll borrow dishes from Mair.
	
				Fe/Mi fenthycwn ni gyllyll oddi wrth y cymdogion.
				- We'll borrow knives from the neighbours.

	6.		The stem of most verbs is made up of the whole verb without the last syllable or last letter even

				penderfynu		-	penderfyn-
				postio			-	posti-
				gweld			-	gwel-
				prynu			-	prynu-
				paratoi			-	parato- 

		But the stem of some verbs is made up of the whole verb.  (Do you remember siarad, eistedd, darllen?)

					dewis		-		Fe / Mi ddewisa' i
									Fe / Mi ddewisi di
									Fe / Mi ddewisiff e(o)
		
				anfon		-		Fe / Mi anfona' i
									Fe / Mi anfoni di
									Fe / Mi anfoniff Tom

				gwahodd		-		Fe / Mi wahodda' i
									Fe / Mi wahoddi di
									Fe  /Mi wahoddiff Mary

	7.		If the verb has an i in the final syllable, that i is kept in the stem

				postio	-	posti-		Fe / Mi bostia' i
				coginio	-	cogini-		Fe / Mi goginia' i

		If there is also an i in the ending which is to be added, the two i s become one!

				Fe / Mi bosti-	+ i   di 		-	Fe / Mi bosti di
				Fe / Mi gogini 	+ iff   hi	-	Fe / Mi goginiff hi

	8.		‘at’ causes a Soft Mutation

				Fe / Mi ysgrifennwn ni at gyfaill.
				- We'll write to a friend.

	9.		Notice that ‘a’ causes an Aspirate Mutation

				gwin a chwrw 
			 	te a choffi
				coffi a the

	10.	Sgwrs

			Nia:		Fe drefnwn ni barti cyn bo hir.
			Bob:		Pryd?
			Nia:		Erbyn diwedd yr wythnos efallai.
			Bob:		Pwy wahoddwn ni?
			Nia:		Cyfeillion a chymdogion.
			Bob:		Beth fwytwn ni.
			Nia:		Fe bryna' i fwyd a diod ac fe drefni di gemau.
			Bob:		Beth yfwn ni?
			Nia:		Gwin a chwrw.
			Bob:		Ardderchog, fe ysgrifenna' i'r gwahoddiadau ar unwaith.

	11.	Here are the full forms of the concise Future Tense of a typical regular verb like 
		'gweld'

				Fe / Mi wela(f) i				Fe / Mi welwn ni
				Fe / Mi weli di					Fe / Mi welwch chi
				Fe / Mi weliff e(o)/hi		Fe / Mi welan nhw

		Be aware of the difference between the 'long' Future Tense and the short or concise Future Tense

		Long

			Fe / Mi fydda' i'n gweld		-	I will (shall) be seeing
			Fe / Mi wela'i					-	I will (shall) see

		Short / Concise

			Fe / Mi fydd Bill yn prynu	-	Bill will (shall) be buying
			Fe  / Mi bryniff Bill				-	Bill will (shall) buy.