GWERS 89

CYFLWYNYDD:      CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:	Siarad am bethau yn yr Amser Gorberffaith  (Talking of things we 
	had done   -  i.e. The Pluperfect Tense)

	Geirfa

	torri'r lawnt	-	to mow	casglu	-	to gather,
			          the lawn    			   	     collect
	dwstio	-	to dust	golchi	-	to wash
	gwaredu	-	to get rid of	sgwrio	-	to scrub
	ysmygu	-	to smoke 	gwerthu	-	to sell
	tacluso	-	to tidy	symud	-	to move
	aros	-	to stay 	cwympo	-	to fall
		penderfynu	-	to decide	cytuno (i)	-	to agree (to)
		gwrthod	-	to refuse	gorffen	-	to finish
		gwrthwynebu	-	to oppose 	cwblhau	-	to complete	
		digwydd	-	to happen	meddwl	-	to think
		ystyried		-		to consider	awgrymu	-	to suggest
		bod			-	to be			ymarfer	-	to train, practise

		lwcus		-		lucky		anlwcus	-	unlucky
		ffodus		-		fortunate	anffodus	-	unfortunate
	
		hynny			-		then / that 		o gwbl	-	at all
		erbyn hynny		-		by then	tan hynny	-	until then
		cyn hynny	-	before that	ar ôl hynny	-	after that
		cyn			-	before	ar ôl	-	after
	ar ôl bwyta		-	after eating 	cyn codi	-	before getting up
		achos		-	because	drwy'r bore	-	all morning	
		unwaith		-	once	yma	-	here

		Pwy?	-	Who?	Beth?	-	What?
		Sut?		-	How?	Pryd?	-	When?
		Pam?	-	Why?	Faint?	-	How much?
									How many?
		
	sbwriel	-	rubbish,	llawr	-	floor
				    refuse
	celfi	-	furniture	dodrefn NW	-	furniture

RHAN 1

	1.	Do you remember the ‘Roedd’ forms?

		Roeddwn i			Roedden ni
		Roeddet ti			Roeddech chi
		Roeddech chi	
		Roedd e(o) / hi		Roedden nhw

2.	To convey the Pluperfect Tense in Welsh  -  saying we had done 	something  -  we use the 'Roedd' forms plus 'wedi'

			Roedden nhw'n mynd	- 		They were going
				Roedden nhw wedi mynd	-	They had gone

		Roeddwn i'n torri'r lawnt.
		- I was mowing the lawn.
		Roeddwn i wedi torri'r lawnt.
		- I had mown the lawn.

		Roedd Tom yn casglu'r sbwriel.
		- Tom was collecting the rubbish.
		Roedd Tom wedi casglu'r sbwriel.
		- Tom had collected the rubbish.

		Roedden nhw'n sgwrio'r llawr.
		- They were scrubbing the floor.
		Roedden nhw wedi sgwrio'r llawr.
		- They had scrubbed the floor.

	3.	Notice the difference between the two following verbs

			golchi		-	to wash (something or other  -  even hands or hair)
			ymolchi	-	to wash (oneself) i.e. to have a wash

		Roedd Brian wedi golchi’r car cyn brecwast y bore ‘ma.
		- Brian had washed the car before breakfast this morning.

		Mae’r plant wedi ymolchi .
		- The children have washed / had a wash.
	4.	The question and answer forms

			Oeddwn i?			-	(Nac) oeddet / oeddech
			Oeddet ti?			-	(Nac) oeddwn
			Oedd e(o) / hi?	-	(Nac) oedd
			Oedden ni?			-	(Nac) oedden / oeddech
			Oeddech chi?		-	(Nac) oedden
			Oedden nhw?		-	(Nac) oedden

	The direct question is easy to form  -  but take care with your replies.  As with the Imperfect (‘was’) Tense, we use the verb itself to say 
	‘Yes / No’

			Oeddet ti'n bwyta?   	-	Oeddwn!
			- Were you eating?     	-   	Yes  (I was)!
			
			Oeddet ti wedi bwyta?	-	Oeddwn!
			- Had you eaten?    	-     Yes (I had)!

		Oeddwn i wedi cytuno i ddod?   -   Oeddet!
		- Had I agreed to come?   -   Yes!

		Oedd y plant wedi gorffen chwarae?   -   Oedden!
		- Had the children finished playing?   -   Yes!

		Oeddech chi wedi penderfynu?   -   Nac oeddwn!
		- Had you decided?   -   No!

5.	We can form questions using interrogatives such as ‘Pwy?’,  ‘Beth?’, ‘Sut?’,  ‘Faint?’,  ‘Pam?’ and  ‘Pryd?’ of course

	It is a very minor point but after ‘Pwy?’,  ‘Beth?’ and  ‘Faint?’  there is no 'r' at the beginning of the verb

			Pwy oedd wedi . . .?
			Beth oedd wedi . . .?
			Faint oeddet ti wedi . . .?

	The original 'r' is kept after other interrogatives

			Pryd roeddet ti wedi . . .?
			Sut roedd hi wedi . . .?
				Pam roedden nhw wedi . . .?

		Pwy oedd wedi marw?
		- Who had died?

		Beth oedd wedi digwydd i ti ar ôl gadael yr ysgol?
		- What had happened to you after leaving school?

		Sut roedd e wedi cwympo?
		- How had he fallen?

		Pam roeddet ti wedi gwrthod?
		- Why had you refused?

		Faint oedd hi wedi (ei) wneud?
		- How much had she done?

	6.	cyn hynny	-	  before that / before then

			Beth roeddet ti wedi ‘i wneud cyn hynny?
			- What had you done before that?
	
		Oedden nhw wedi cwblhau'r gwaith cyn hynny?   -   Oedden!
		- Had they completed the work before then?   -   Yes!

		Roedd y plant yn chwarae yn y parc ar ôl te. Oedden nhw wedi bod yn yr ysgol cyn hynny?  -  Oedden.
		- The children were playing in the park after tea. Had they been in  	school before that?  -  Yes.

RHAN 2

	1.	The negative forms pose no problems  -  again, substitute 'wedi' for the 'yn' used in the Imperfect (was) Tense

			Doeddwn i ddim		Doedden ni ddim
			Doeddet ti ddim		Doeddech chi ddim
			Doeddech chi ddim
			Doedd e(o) ddim		Doedden nhw ddim
				Doedd hi ddim yn darllen y 'Times'.
- She wasn’t reading the ‘Times’.

					Doedd hi ddim wedi darllen y 'Times'.
				- She hadn’t read the ‘Times’.

		Doeddwn i ddim yn ystyried hynny.
- I wasn't considering that.
		Doeddwn i ddim wedi ystyried hynny.
- I hadn't considered that.
	
		Doedd e ddim yn chwarae dros Gymru.
		- He wasn't playing for Wales.
		Doedd e ddim wedi chwarae dros Gymru.
		- He hadn't played for Wales.

		Doedden nhw ddim yn awgrymu hynny o gwbl.
- They weren't suggesting that at all.
		Doedden nhw ddim wedi awgrymu hynny o gwbl.
- They hadn’t suggested that at all.

	2.	hynny	-	that / then

	When used on its own  -  it conveys ‘that’  (i.e. that fact)

			'Dw i'n gwybod hynny.
			- I know that (fact).

			Doeddwn i ddim wedi ystyried hynny.
			- I hadn't considered that (fact).

	In certain phrases it can convey ‘that’ or ‘then’

				cyn hynny		-	before that (time) / then
				ar ôl hynny	-	after that (time) / then
				erbyn hynny	-	by that (time) / then
				tan hynny		-	until that (time) / then

	3.	wedi bod

	This is widely used   -   and it changes the meaning of the sentence slightly:

		Roedd hi wedi golchi'r car.
		- She had washed the car.
		Roedd hi wedi bod yn golchi'r car.
			- She had been washing the car.

		Roeddwn i wedi golchi'r car.
		- I had washed the car.
		Roeddwn i wedi bod yn golchi'r car.
		- I had been washing the car.

		Roedden nhw wedi ystyried hynny.
		- They had considered that.
		Roedden nhw wedi bod yn ystyried hynny.
		- They had been considering that.

		Oedd hi wedi torri'r lawnt?
		- Had she cut the lawn?
		Oedd hi wedi bod yn torri'r lawnt?
		- Had she been cutting the lawn?

		Doeddech chi ddim wedi meddwl symud.
		- You hadn't thought of moving. 
		Doeddech chi ddim wedi bod yn meddwl symud.
		- You hadn't been thinking of moving.

	4.	Dwy sgwrs

		Anwen:	Roedd Jane wedi torri'r lawnt cyn cinio.
		Ben:			Oedd, ac roedd hi wedi casglu'r sbwriel.
		Anwen:		Rwyt ti'n lwcus achos roedd Mari wedi aros yn y gwely.
		Ben:			Beth roedd hi wedi('i) wneud?
		Anwen:		Roedd hi wedi yfed coffi, wedi ysmygu ac wedi darllen y papurau drwy'r bore.

		Elin:			Pam dwyt ti ddim yn gwerthu'r tþ?
		Gareth:		Doeddwn i ddim wedi ystyried hynny o gwbl.
		Elin:			Roeddet ti wedi awgrymu dy fod ti eisiau symud i Gaerdydd.
		Gareth:		Oeddwn - roeddwn i wedi meddwl prynu byngalo yno unwaith - ond 'dw i'n hapus iawn yma ym Mhontypridd.  Mae tîm rygbi da yno.