GWERS 87

CYFLWYNYDD:     CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:	   Adolygu'r negyddol yn yr Amser Gorffennol (Revising the negative 
	 in the Past Tense)    (cf  Gwersi 65 a 66)

	Geirfa

		penderfynu	-	to decide	cytuno (â)	-	to agree (with)		sylweddoli		-	to realize	dweud 	-	to say
		teithio		-	to travel	dweud wrth	-	to tell
		talu (am)		-	to pay (for) 	coginio	-	to cook
		bwyta			-	to eat		yfed	-	to drink
		prynu			-	to buy		gwerthu	-	to sell	
		blasu			-	to taste		derbyn	-	to receive
		holi			-	to question, 	postio	-	to post
							   enquire		anfon	-	to send	
		credu			-	to believe		taro	-	to hit
		clywed		-	to hear 	glanhau	-	to clean
		brwsio		-	to brush	golchi	-	to wash
		dewis		-		to choose	newid	-	to change
			smwddio	-		to iron
	
		llwybr		-	path		dwylo	-	hands
		rhaglen  f		-	programme 	bwyd	-	food	
		brechdan(au) f	-	sandwich(es)cwrw	-	beer		 
		siec(iau)	  f		-	cheque	llythyr(au)	-	letter
		brawd			-	brother		ci	-	dog
		caws			-	cheese		bara	-	bread

		ar ei phen ei hun       	-  	on her own	
		ar ei ben ei hun         	-  	on his own

RHAN 1

1. 	In order to change a sentence from positive to negative   -  drop
	the positive marker ‘Fe / Mi’ and add  ‘ddim’

		If the verb undergoes a Soft Mutation in the positive, it will keep that
		Mutation in the negative  (except for c, p and t) 

			dweud wrth 	-	Fe ddywedais i wrth Tom.
								Ddywedais i ddim wrth Tom.

			rhedeg			-	Mi redais i i'r gwaith.
							Redais i ddim i'r gwaith.

			Fe / Mi sylweddolodd hi.
			- She realized.
			Sylweddolodd hi ddim.
		- She didn't realize.

		Mi ddywedon nhw wrth y plismon.
		- They told the policeman.
			Ddywedon nhw ddim wrth y plismon.
			- They didn't tell the policeman.

	2.	If the verb begins with C, P or T, it undergoes an Aspirate Mutation in 
		the negative

				c > ch      p > ph      t > th

			penderfynu	-	Phenderfynon nhw ddim
			cytuno			- 	Chytunais i ddim
				teithio			-	Theithiodd hi ddim

		Fe gytunais i â nhw.
			- I agreed with them.
			Chytunais i ddim â nhw.
			- I didn't agree with them.

			Mi benderfynon ni ddoe.
			- We decided yesterday.
			Phenderfynon ni ddim ddoe.
			- We didn't decide yesterday.

			Fe deithiodd hi ar ei phen ei hun.
			- She travelled on her own.
		Theithiodd hi ddim ar ei phen ei hun.
			- She didn't travel on her own.

	3.	Notice the stem of 'dweud'

			dweud		-	dywed--	-	Fe ddywedodd hi
									-	Mi ddywedais i

	4.	In English we often use the word 'some' or 'any' with an indefinite 
		object

		There is no need to translate those words into Welsh

			Fe fwytais i fara.
			- I ate (some) bread.

			Fwytais i ddim bara.
				- I didn't eat (any) bread.

	5.	When the object of a past tense negative verb is indefinite then we use 'ddim', as you know

			Werthodd hi ddim bwyd.
			- She didn't sell (any) food.
			Yfon nhw ddim cwrw.
		- They didn't drink (any) beer.

		When the object of a past tense negative verb is definite, then we 
		use 'mo'.

			Werthodd hi mo'r bwyd.
			- She didn't sell the food.

			Yfon nhw mo'r cwrw.
			- They didn't drink the beer.

	Look at the difference between the following pairs of negative
	sentences	

			Fwytais i ddim caws.
			- I didn't eat (any) cheese.
		Fwytais i mo'r caws.
			- We didn't eat the cheese.

			Phrynodd hi ddim tþ.
			- She didn't buy a house.
			Phrynodd hi mo’r tþ.
			- She didn't buy the house.
		
		Choginion ni ddim bwyd.
			- We didn't cook (any) food.
		Choginion ni mo'r bwyd.
			- We didn't cook the food.

RHAN 2

	1.	Because a person's name or a place name or a title  (known as a 'proper noun')  is definite, we use 'mo' in the negative pattern

			Chlywais i mo Sam.
			- I didn't hear Sam.

			Thrawon nhw mo Sara.
			- They didn't hit Sara.

			Ddarllenais i mo 'War and Peace'.
			- I didn't read 'War and Peace'.

			Welais i mo Tðr Eiffel.
				- I didn't see the Eiffel Tower.

			Holais i mo Tom.
			- I didn't question Tom.

			Chredodd hi mo Mari.
			- She didn't believe Mari.

	2.	The definite object could, of course, be preceded by personal pronouns like ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘his’, ‘her’, ‘our’, and ‘their’  (instead of ‘the’)

			Welais i mo'r llyfr.
			- I didn't see the book.
			Welais i mo dy lyfr.
			- I didn't see your book.

			Phostiais i mo'r llythyr.
			- I didn't post the letter.
			Phostiais i mo fy llythyr.
				- I didn't post my letter.	

		(a)	‘fy’  +   Nasal Mutation   

				 e.g.   ‘fy nghi      fy mrawd      fy nhad

			Holodd hi mo fy mrawd.
			- She didn't question my brother.

			Anfonais i mo fy mharsel.
			- I didn't send my parcel.

		(b)	‘dy’  +   Soft Mutation

		 e.g.   dy gi      dy frawd     dy dad.

			Threwais i mo dy frawd.
			- I didn't hit your brother.

			Dderbyniais i mo dy lythyr.
			- I didn't receive your letter.

	(c)	'ei' (his)   +   Soft Mutation

		'mo ei' 	is abbreviated to	'mo'i'

				Olchodd e mo'i wallt neithiwr.
			- He didn't wash his hair last night.

			Lanheuaist ti mo'i ddillad.
			- You didn't clean his clothes.

			Ddewisodd e mo'i frawd.
				- He didn't choose his brother.

			Welodd e mo'i blant.
			- He didn’t see his children.

			Ffoniodd e mo'i dad.
			- He didn’t telephone his father.

		(ch)	'ei' (her)   +  Aspirate Mutation

		'mo ei' 	is abbreviated to	'mo'i'

			Olchodd hi mo'i gwallt neithiwr.
			- She didn't wash her hair last night.

			Newidiodd hi mo'i chot.
			- She didn't change her coat.

			Frwsioch chi mo'i llwybr.
			- You didn't brush her path.

			Ffoniodd hi mo'i thad.
			- She didn’t telephone her father.

				Welodd hi mo'i phlant.
				- She didn’t see her children.

	(d)	There is no mutation after ‘ein’, ‘eich’ or  ‘eu’
	
		'mo ein'	is abbreviated to  'mo'n'

			Ddewison nhw mo'n plant.
			- They didn't choose our children.

		'mo eich'	is abbreviated to  'mo'ch'

			Olchoch chi mo'ch gwallt.
			- You didn't wash your hair.

		'mo eu'  is abbreviated to  'mo'u'

			Olchon nhw mo'u dwylo.
			- They didn't wash their hands.

	3.	The stem of some verbs need special attention. It may be easier
		to learn the past tense of such verbs parrot fashion.			

	(a)		'taro' (to hit, strike)	-	trew-- / traw-- 

				Fe / Mi drewais i			Fe / Mi drawon ni
				Fe / Mi drewaist ti		Fe / Mi drawoch chi
				Fe / Mi drawodd e(o)/hi 	Fe / Mi drawon nhw.

	(b)		 'derbyn' (to receive) 		-	derbyni--

				Fe dderbyniais i
				Fe dderbyniodd hi

		(c)		‘glanhau’  (to clean)	    -     glanheu--

				Lanheuodd hi mo'r carped.
				Lanheuon nhw mo'u car.

	4.	Sylwch   -   Notice:

		Welais i mo fy nghar	-	I didn't see my car
		Welais i mo dy gar		-	I didn't see your car
		Welais i mo'i gar			-	I didn't see his car
		Welais i mo'i char		-	I didn't see her car
		Welais i mo'n car		-	I didn't see our car
		Welais i mo'ch car		-	I didn't see your car
			      Welais i mo'u car		-	I didn't see their car

	5.		Sgwrs

		Alys:	Welaist ti Mari ar y teledu neithiwr?
		Bryn:	Naddo, yn anffodus, a chlywais i mo'i rhaglen ar y radio yr 		wythnos diwethaf chwaith.
		Alys:	Roedd hi'n ardderchog ond chanodd hi ddim caneuon 			Cymraeg o gwbl.
		Bryn:	Chanodd hi mo 'Clychau Aberdyfi' (The Bells of Aberdyfi)?  Mae 		hi'n canu honna fel arfer.
		Alys:	Naddo - a ddeallais i ddim gair o'r caneuon opera.
		Bryn:	'Dw i ddim yn deall Eidaleg chwaith.
		Alys:	Nac wyt, ond rwyt ti'n gallu canu.  Chwarae teg, rwyt ti'n 		swnio fel Pavarotti yn y bath weithiau.
		Bryn:	Eisteddodd hwnnw ddim mewn bath ers blynyddoedd.  Mae 		e'n rhy dew.

	chwaith		-	either			   yn anffodus		-	unfortunately
	ardderchog	-	excellent, superb   caneuon			-	songs
	honna		-	that one (fem.)	   fel arfer			-	usually
	deall			-	to understand	   gair				-	word
	Eidaleg		-	Italian			   chwarae teg		-	fair play
	swnio fel		-	to sound like	   ers blynyddoedd	-	for years
	hwnnw		-	he (that one)