GWERS 75

CYFLWYNYDD:     CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:	     Mynegi barn trwy ddefnyddio 'bod'.  (Expressing an opinion by  
                 using 'that’).

	Geirfa

	dymunol		-	pleasant	cas	-	nasty
	caredig		-	kind	(y)styfnig	-	stubborn
	prydferth		-	beautiful	golygus	-	handsome
		peryglus		-	dangerous	cyfforddus	-	comfortable	
		cyfeillgar		-	friendly	cyfleus	-	convenient
		canolog		-	central	diarffordd	-	remote
		gwych		-		splendid,	diflas	-	miserable,
						excellent 			boring
		diddorol		-		interesting	anniddorol	-	uninteresting
		doniol			-		humerous	cyffrous	-	exciting
			ardderchog		-	excellent	gwael	-	poor (quality)
			siðr		-	sure	sicr	-	certain
			trist		-	sad	uchel	-	high

		plismon			-	policeman	chwaraewr	-	player
		cyfreithiwr			-	solicitor	rheolwr	-	manager
		gweithiwr			-	worker,	gweithiwr	-	factory
							workman         ffatri                         worker
		athro		-			teacher	athrawes  f	-	female teacher
		dyn		-		man	menyw	-	woman
		merch			-		girl	dynes N.W.	-	woman
		llanc			-	youth 	meddyg	-	doctor
		ffilm(iau)  f		-		film(s)	gêm(au)  f	-	game(s), match(es)	
		safon(au)			-	standard(s) 	rhaglen(ni) f	-		programme(s)
		Norwy		-	Norway 	pobl Ffrainc	-	French people
		pentref		-	village	gwesty	-	hotel
		bwthyn		-	cottage	llew	-	lion

		sylweddoli		-	to realize	dweud	-	to say
		honni			-	to assert	dweud wrth	-	to tell
                                                           to claim 	credu	-	to believe
	meddwl		-	to think	gwybod	-	to know (a fact)

		mor			-	so

		gan		-			by (a person)

RHAN 1

	1.	There is no mutation when a verb follows the linking 'yn'

		Mae Tom yn meddwl.
		- Tom thinks.

	Notice the Soft Mutation when anything else (e.g. an adjective) follows 	this linking 'yn'

		Mae Jane yn ddymunol.
		- Jane is pleasant.

		Roedd Norwy yn brydferth.
		- Norway was beautiful.

	2.	When we join two sentences by using 'bod'   -   notice that it takes  the place of 'mae' in the second sentence  i.e. it conveys ‘that . . . . is’

		Mae e'n credu.  Mae Ann yn gas.
		- He believes.  Ann is nasty.

		Mae e'n credu bod Ann yn gas.
			- He belives that Ann is nasty.

	Edrychwch ar y brwddegau ‘ma  -  Look at these sentences

		Mae Tom yn meddwl bod Jane yn ddymunol.
		- Tom thinks that Jane is pleasant.

		Mae Jane yn gwybod bod Tom yn 'styfnig.
		- Jane knows that Tom is stubborn.

		Maen nhw'n meddwl bod Norwy yn brydferth.
		- They think that Norway is beautiful.

		'Dw i'n sylweddoli bod y ci'n beryglus.
- I realize that the dog is dangerous.

		Ydyn nhw'n honni bod y pentref yn ddiarffordd?
		- Do they claim that the village is remote?

		Roedd e'n dweud bod Gwenda yn garedig.
		- He was saying that Gwenda was kind.

	‘Maen nhw’n dweud’ (‘They say’) is always useful!

		Maen nhw’n dweud bod pobl Ffrainc yn gyfeillgar.
		- They say that the French are friendly.

		Maen nhw’n dweud bod Vienna yn hyfryd.
		- They say that Vienna is lovely.

	3.	Sentences don’t have to be positive. They can be negative, of course

			‘Dw i ddim yn meddwl bod y ffilm yn ddiddorol.
			- I don’t think that the film is intersting.

			Doedd Tom ddim yn sylweddoli bod y pentref mor ddiarffordd.
			- Tom didn’t realize that the village was so remote.

			‘Dydyn nhw ddim yn gwybod bod Tim yn yr ysbyty.
			- They don’t know that Tim is in hospital.

	4.	We can change the tense of the sentences by changing the verbs in the first sentence. The word ‘bod’ doesn’t change.

		The part following 'bod' does not change either.  It automatically conveys the correct tense in English.

		Mae e'n meddwl bod Ann yn ddymunol.
		- He thinks that Ann is pleasant.

		Roedd e'n credu bod Siôn yn gas.
		- He thought that Siôn was nasty.

		Fe fydd hi'n gweld bod Tom yn olygus.
- She will see that Tom is handsome.

	5.	Using ‘arfer’ can be useful

			Roeddwn i’n arfer meddwl bod nwy’n beryglus.
			- I used to think that gas was dangerous.

			Roedd Mary’n arfer credu bod Caer yng Mghymru.
			- Mary used to think / believe that Chester was in Wales.

	6.	Combine the following sentences using 'bod'

			Mae Mary yn credu.	Mae Sam yn olygus.
			Ydy Tom yn gwybod?	Mae Jane yn brydferth.
			Roedd Dic yn credu.	Roedd Emyr yn gas.
			Fe fyddan nhw'n gweld.	Mae Sam yn 'styfnig.
			Oedden nhw'n meddwl?	Roedd Samantha'n garedig.

	7.	Say something about the following:

		y llew;    y gwesty;    y tþ;    y car;    y pentref

RHAN 2

	1.	Notice that with verbs like ‘meddwl’, ‘credu’ and  ‘gwybod’, we use 		the Imperfect (was) Tense in Welsh to convey the short, concise Past 		Tense which is used in English.

			Roeddwn i'n gwybod		-	I knew
										(lit.  I was knowing)

			Roedd hi'n credu		-	She believed
										(lit.   She was believing)

			Roedden nhw'n meddwl		-	They thought
										(lit.  They were thinking)

		Roedd e'n meddwl bod y ffilm yn gyffrous.
		- He thought that the film was exciting.

		Roeddwn i'n credu bod y safon yn dda.
- I thought that the standard was good.

	2.	It is a very minor point of grammar, but ‘bod’ mutates to ‘fod’ after a
		verb in the short, concise Past Tense.

			Mae hi'n dweud bod y ffilm yn dda.
			Roedd hi'n dweud bod y ffilm yn dda.
			Fe ddywedodd hi fod y ffilm yn dda.

		Fe honnodd y dyn fod y rhaglen yn wael.
		- The man claimed that the programme was poor.
	
		Mi glywais i fod Tom yn olygus.
		- I heard that Tom was handsome.
			
		Fe sylweddolodd y llanc fod y bws wedi mynd.
		- The lad realized that the bus had gone.

		Beth glywaist ti am y rhaglen?
		- What did you hear about the programme?
Fe glywais i fod y rhaglen yn wael.
- I heard that the programme was poor.	

	As in the Present Tense, ‘dweud’  is often used in the Past Tense.
 	We often quote others don’t we?

		Fe ddywedodd hi fod safon y gêm yn uchel.
		- She said that the standard of the game was high.

		Mi ddywedon nhw fod y gwesy’n ardderchog.
		- They said that the hotel was excellent.

3.	Up to now we've used adjectives to complete our sentences.  It is also possible
To use nouns of course. Just like adjectives, they undergo a Soft Mutation after 'yn'.

		Roedd hi'n siðr bod y dyn yn blismon.
		- She was sure that the man was a policeman.

		Wyt ti'n meddwl bod y llanc yn chwaraewr rygbi?
		- Do you think that the lad is a rugby player?

		'Dw i'n credu bod y fenyw'n athrawes.
		- I believe that the lady is a teacher.

			Roedd John yn dweud bod y fenyw'n gyfreithiwr.
		- John said that the woman was a solicitor.

		Oeddech chi'n gwybod bod Dewi'n weithiwr ffatri?
		- Did you know that Dewi was a factory worker?

	4.	Of course, there is no problem about adding an adjective to the noun, to 
	describe it.

		Mi welais i fod Tom yn chwaraewr rygbi da.
		- I saw that Tom was a good rugby player.

		Fe ddywedodd Mary fod ‘Silence of the Lambs’ yn ffilm drist.
		- Mary said hat ‘Silence of the Lambs’ is a sad film.

4. 	  Express an opinion about the following:

		  y ffilm;   y rhaglen;   y safon;   y gêm;   y ddrama

	6.	Sgwrs

		A.	Beth weloch chi yn y theatr?
		B.	Drama gan Shakespeare.
		A.	Pa ddrama?
		B.	'Hamlet'.  'Dw i'n meddwl bod Shakespeare yn wych.
		A.	Mae fy ngwraig yn credu bod Shakespeare yn wych hefyd 	ond mae'n gas 'da fi'r theatr.  'Dw i'n hoff iawn o ffilmiau.
		B.	Fe glywais i fod ffilm dda yn yr Odeon yr wythnos 'ma.
		A.	Oes!  Fe ddywedodd fy ffrind fod Tom Cruise yn ardderchog 	a bod y stori'n ddiddorol iawn.