GWERS 66

CYFLWYNYDD:     CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:	   Mwy o frawddegau negyddol yn y Gorffennol  (More negative sentences 
   in the Past Tense  -  concentrating on definite objects)

	Geirfa

		atgoffa	-		to remind 		achub	-	to save	
		arwyddo	-		to sign			    (a life/possessions)     
		symud	-		to move	  	ysgrifennu	-	to write
		anfon	-		to send	ateb	-	to answer
		clywed		-		to hear	poeni	-	to tease, to worry
		tynnu		-		to pull		ffonio	-	to telephone		
		gweld		-		to see
		
		newydd		-		new

		llais	-		voice	gwallt	-	hair
		ysbyty	-		hospital	 	prifathro	-	headmaster
		llythyr(au)	-		letter(s)	    ffurflen(ni) f 	-	form(s)
		nodyn	-		note	    nodion	-	notes
		papur		-	paper	bara	-	bread
		pen		-	head	gwely	-	bed
		brawd		-	brother	dwylo	-	hands
		llaw  f		-	hand	rhaw  f	-	spade
		chwaer  f		-	sister

		i	-		to (a place)	at	-	to (a person)	

		fy       	-		my		dy	-       your
		ei		-		his 	ei		-	her

RHAN 1

	1.	In the last lesson, we looked at how to make negative statements with  				indefinite objects.  The patters was quite straightforward 

		Ddarllenais i ddim papur.	
		- I didn't read a paper.
		Phrynodd hi ddim bara.	
		- She didn't buy bread.

		Welon ni ddim ffilm.	
		- We didn't see a film.

	2.	When the object of the verb is definite, we must use a slightly different 
	pattern.  We change ‘ddim’ to ‘mo’.

	Let's begin by using proper nouns as our definite objects

		Atgoffais i mo Dewi.
		- I didn't remind Dewi.

		Symudon nhw mo Bethan i'r ysbyty.
		- They didn't move Bethan to the hospital.

		Anfonodd e mo Alun at y prifathro.
		- He didn't send Alun to the headmaster.

	3.	When the definite object is a common noun we use ‘mo'r’ of course. In English,
		we use ‘the’ in front of our definite nouns

		Anfonais i mo'r llythyr.	
		- I didn't send the letter.

		Arwyddodd e mo'r ffurflen.	
		- He didn't sign the form.

		Atebon nhw mo'r nodyn.	
		- They didn't answer the note.	

		How would you say?

		He didn't send the note.
		She didn't answer Tom.
		We didn't answer the letter.
		Mary didn't sign the form.
		They didn't remind Jane.
		We didn't write the note yesterday.

	4.	fy   (+ Nasal Mutation)   -      my		dy  (+ Soft Mutation)    -    your

			              my		  your

			cap         	-		fy nghap		dy gap
			pen		-		fy mhen		dy ben
			tad		-		fy nhad		dy dad
			gwely	-		fy ngwely		dy  _wely
			brawd	-		fy mrawd		dy frawd
			dwylo	-		fy nwylo		dy ddwylo
			llaw		-		fy llaw		dy law
			rhaw		-		fy rhaw		dy raw
			mam		-		fy mam		dy fam

	5.	‘The’ can often be replaced by possesives  (‘my, your’ etc) in front of definite 			nouns. So, in Welsh we use ‘mo’ and not ‘ddim’ in front of possessives 
		i.e. ‘mo fy /  mo dy’

		Achubodd e mo fy mrawd .
		- He didn't save my brother.

		Symudon nhw mo dy dad .
		- They didn't move your father.

	We can use appropriate pronouns after the noun to confirm the possessive, but 	they can be omitted

		Achubodd e mo fy mrawd (i).
		- He didn't save my brother.

		Symudon nhw mo dy dad (di).
		- They didn't move your father.

	How would you say?

		They didn't send my brother to the hospital.
		He didn't see your father.
		I didn't remind my mother.
		The teacher didn't move my sister.

RHAN 2

	1.	Remember that verbs beginning with C P or T will undergo an Aspirate
	Mutation in the Past Tense negative

			clywed	-		Chlywais i ddim / mo......
			poeni		-		Phoenodd hi ddim / mo......
			tynnu	-		Thynnaist ti ddim / mo......

	2.	ei   (followed by a Soft Mutation)		-         his 
	ei   (followed by an Aspirate Mutation)	-         her 

						   his		   her

		cap		-		ei gap (e/o)		ei chap (hi) 
		pen		-		ei ben (e/o)		ei phen (hi)
		tad		-		ei dad (e/o)		ei thad (hi)
		gwely	-		ei _wely (e/o)	ei gwely hi)
		brawd	-		ei frawd (e/o)		ei brawd (hi)
		dwylo	-		ei ddwylo (e/o)	ei dwylo (hi)
		llaw		-		ei law (e/o)		ei llaw (hi)
		rhaw		-		ei raw (e/o)		ei rhaw (hi)
		mawr		-		ei fam (e/o)		ei mam (hi)	

	3.	Again, we use ‘mo’ and not ‘ddim’ in front of ‘ei’.

		Because of the 3 vowels, we can abbreviate

			mo ei		>       mo'i

	With many words, the mutation will tell us whether the 'ei’ (or the abbreviated 	form ‘i) conveys ‘his’ or ‘her’.  But we can also add ‘e (o)’ or ‘hi’ as confirmation.

		Chlywais i mo'i lais (e).
		- I didn't hear his voice.
		Chlywais i mo'i llais (hi).
		- I didn't hear her voice.

		Thynnodd Dewi mo'i wallt (e).
		- Dewi didn't pull his hair.
		Thynnodd Dewi mo'i gwallt (hi).
		- Dewi didn't pull her hair.				
	
		Welais i mo'i dad (e).
		- I didn't see his father.
		Welais i mo'i thad (hi).
		- I didn't see her father.

	4.	The last three possessives are the plurals   -   ‘ein’, ‘eich’ and ‘eu’. There
	are no mutations after these.  We can abbreviate them after ‘mo’.

			mo ein		>	mo'n
			mo eich	>	mo'ch
			mo eu		>	mo'u

		Welais ti mo'n car newydd (ni).
		- You didn't see our new car.

		Ffoniais i mo'ch tad (chi).
		- I didn't telephone your father.

		Ddarllenodd hi mo'u llythyr (nhw).
		- She didn't read their letter.

	5.	Let’s take a verb like ‘gweld’  (to see) 

		(a)	Welais i mo Tom ddoe.

		(b)	Welais i mo'r plant ddoe.

		(c)	Welais i mo fy mam  (i)  ddoe.
			Welais i mo dy fam  (di)  ddoe.
			Welais 'i mo'i fam  (e)  ddoe.
			Welais i mo'i mam  (hi)  ddoe.
			Welais i mo'n mam  (ni)  ddoe.
			Welais i mo'ch mam  (chi)  ddoe.
		 Welais i mo'u mam  (nhw)  ddoe.