GWERS 54		         

CYFLWYNYDD:     CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:       Cynnig cyngor  (offering advice)

	Geirfa

		cynnig				-	to offer		cloi	-	to lock
		cau				-	to close, 	dweud wrth	- 	to tell, inform	
					                       shut		gadael	-		to leave		stopio			-	to stop		codi	-		to get up		sicrhau	      	-	to ensure,	ffonio	-		to telephone
							to book
		prynu		     	-	to buy		gorfod		-	to have to , 														             be obliged to

		gwesty	      	-	hotel		llety	-		accommodation
		tocyn(nau)      	-	ticket(s) 		pawb		-	everyone
		cyngor		-		advice		drws	-	door
		ffenest(ri)  f		-	window(s)	drysau	-	doors
		llefrith (NW)	-		milk		llaeth	-	milk
		papur(au)		-		paper(s)		heddlu	-	police
		cymydog		-		neighbour 		cymdogion	-	neighbours

		cyn		      	-	before
		
		hwyr				-	late				cynnar 	-		early

		

RHAN 1

	1.	Let's revise the various forms of 'rhaid'

			Mae rhaid i mi / fi 	- 	I must					
			Mae rhaid i ti  		-   	you must     				
			Mae rhaid i Tom     	-   	Tom must    		
			Mae rhaid iddo	fe (fo)	-	he must	
	
			Mae rhaid iddi hi	-  	she must
			Mae rhaid i'r plant  	-  	the children must

			Mae rhaid i ni   		- 	we must
			Mae rhaid i chi		-	you must	
			Mae rhaid iddyn nhw 	- 	they must

	You will also hear

			Mae'n rhaid ......

	Both versions are perfectly acceptable		

	However, in ordinary conversation, you'll often hear the pattern abbreviated to

			'rhaid i ......

		(Mae) rhaid i ni gloi'r drysau.
		- We must lock the doors.

		(Mae) rhaid i ti stopio'r papurau.
		- You must stop the papers.

		(Mae) rhaid iddo fe ddweud wrth yr heddlu.
		- He must tell the police. 

	Remember that the verb noun which follows this pattern undergoes a Soft 	Mutation 

	2.	I'm sure you also remember the following patterns which don't specify
	who must do something - merely that something has to be done.

	The verb noun is placed immediately next to the word  ‘rhaid’

		(Mae) rhaid cloi'r drysau.
		- The doors must be locked.

		(Mae) rhaid dweud wrth y cymdogion.
		- The neighbours must be told.

		(Mae) rhaid stopio'r papurau.
		- The papers must be stopped.

	3.	Here's another pattern which is very similar to 'rhaid'

			Mae'n well i mi / fi			-	I had better (It's better for me to...)
			Mae'n well i ti				-	You had better
			Mae'n well i Tom			-	Tom had better
			Mae'n well iddo fe (fo)	-	he had better
			Mae'n well iddi hi			-	she had better
			Mae'n well i'r plant			-	the children had better

			Mae'n well i ni				-	we had better
			Mae'n well i chi				-	you had better
			Mae'n well iddyn nhw	-	they had better

	Again, the verb noun which follows undergoes a Soft Mutation and
	in ordinary speech you might hear the pattern abbreviated

		(Mae'n) well i mi gloi'r drws.
		- I'd better lock the door.

		(Mae'n) well iddi hi ddweud wrth y cymdogion.
		- She'd better tell the neighbours.

	4.	peidio	-	    to refrain from, not...		

	Both the 'rhaid' and the 'gwell' patterns can be followed by 'peidio'

		(Mae) rhaid i mi beidio cau'r drws.
		- I must not close the door.

		(Mae) rhaid i'r plant beidio mynd i'r parc.
		- The children must not go to the park.

		(Mae'n) well i chi beidio stopio'r papurau.
		- You'd better not stop the papers.

		(Mae'n) well i ni beidio codi'n hwyr.
		- We'd better not get up late.

RHAN 2

	1.	We'll revise another pattern which you’ve already seen

				Fe / Mi ddylwn i				-		I ought to / should
				Fe / Mi ddylet ti / chi			-		You ought to
				Fe / Mi ddylai e(o)/hi		-		he ought to
				Fe / Mi ddylai Tom			-		Tom ought to
				Fe / Mi ddylai pawb			-		everyone ought to

				Fe / Mi ddylen ni				-		we ought to
				Fe / Mi ddylech chi			-		you ought to
				Fe / Mi ddylen nhw			-		they ought to

		Fe ddylen nhw sicrhau llety.
		- They ought to book accommodation.

		Fe ddylai pawb ffonio'r gwesty cyn mynd.
		- Everyone should telephone the hotel before going.

		Mi ddylet ti brynu tocyn / godi tocyn.
		- You ought to buy a ticket.											

	Remember that the 'dylwn' pattern is followed by a Soft Mutation

	2.	The negative forms of 'dylwn'

			Ddylwn i ddim			-		I shouldn't  /  ought not to
			Ddylet ti / chi ddim			-		you shouldn't
			Ddylai e(o) / hi ddim		-		he / she shouldn't
			Ddylai'r plant ddim			-		the children shouldn't
			Ddylai Tom ddim			-		Tom shouldn't

			Ddylen ni ddim			-		we shouldn't
			Ddylech chi ddim			-		you shouldn't
			Ddylen nhw ddim			-		they shouldn't

	The Soft Mutation which follows the 'dylwn' pattern is shown on 'ddim'.  	Therefore the verb noun which follows this is unmutated.

		Ddylen nhw ddim cloi'r garej.
		- They shouldn't lock the garage.

		Ddylet ti ddim gorfod prynu tocyn.
		- You shouldn't have to buy a ticket.

		Ddylen nhw ddim ffonio heddiw.
		- They ought not to telephone today.