GWERS 44		

CYFLWYNYDD:    BASIL DAVIES

NOD:	     Dweud bod ofn arnon ni (conveying fear)

	Geirfa

		llygod		-		mice		dðr	-	water
		nadroedd	-		snakes		cðn	-	dogs
		corryn (S.W.)	-		spider		corrod 	-	spiders	
		pry' cop (N.W.)	- 		spider 		pryfed cop 	- 	spiders
		tywyllwch	-		dark(ness)	cathod	-	cats
			taranau		-		thunder		mellt	-	lightning

			pêl			-		ball			crys	-	shirt
			dillad			-		clothes		fy ngwraig	-	my wife
			cae			-		field		maes	-	field, pitch, site

		boddi			-		to drown	marw	-	to die
			heneiddio	-		to grow old	dringo	-	to climb
			colli			-		to lose		edrych 	-	to look

		ofn 		-		fear			achos	-	because

RHAN 1

1.	ofn		-	(the) fear (of)   /   afraid (of)

	We convey fear by using what we call, in 'shorthand', the 'ar' pattern.  In 	other words, we say that 'fear' is ‘on someone'

		Mae ofn ar John.	
		- John is afraid (There is fear on John).

		Mae ofn ar y plant.	
		- The children are afraid (There is fear on the children).

		Notice that the person who suffers from the fear comes last in the Welsh sentence.
	2.	We can add the object of our fear quite simply

			ofn dðr		-	     the fear of water / afraid of water
			ofn cðn		-	     the fear of dogs / afraid of dogs

			Mae ofn dðr ar John.	
		- John is afraid of water.

			Mae ofn cðn ar y plant. 	
			- The children are afraid of dogs.

			Mae ofn tywyllwch ar Mary.
			- Mary is afraid of the dark.

	3.	'ar' has personal forms

			arna (f) i		-	on me
			arnat ti		-	on you  (singular, familiar)
			arnoch chi		-	on you  (singular polite and plural)

	So we could say:

		Mae ofn llygod arnat ti.
			- You're afraid of mice.
		  	 (There is a fear of mice on you).

			Mae ofn nadroedd arnoch chi.
			- You're afraid of snakes.
		  	 (There is a fear of snakes on you).
	
			Mae ofn dðr arna' i.
			- I'm afraid of water.
		  	 (There is a fear of water on me).

			Mae ofn corrod arnat ti ac arna’ i.
			- You and I are afraid of spiders.
		  	 (There is a fear of spiders on you and me).

	
	4.	arno fe (fo)    	-	on him
		arni hi		     -	on her

			Mae ofn tywyllwch arno fe (fo).
			- He's afraid of the dark.

	Does dim ofn pry’ cop arni hi.
			- She's not afraid of a spider.

	5.	To form the negative change ‘Mae’ to ‘Does dim’

		Does dim ofn ar y plant.
		- The children are not afraid.
		  (There is no fear on the children).

		Does dim ofn cðn arna' i.
		- I'm not afraid of dogs.
		 (There's no fear of dogs on me).

		Does dim ofn mellt a tharanau arnat ti.
		- You're not afraid of thunder and lightning.
                      	   (There’s no fear of thunder and lightning on you).

		Notice how in Welsh we say 'mellt a tharanau' for 'thunder and lightning' 	(i.e. a different word order in English!)

	6.	To ask a question, change ‘Mae’ to ‘Oes?’

		Oes ofn cðn ar eich gwraig?   -   Oes!
			- Is your wife afraid of dogs?   -   Yes!
		  	  (Is there a fear of dogs on your wife?)

			Oes ofn corrod arni hi?   -   Nac oes!
			- Is she afraid of spiders?   -   No!
	
			Oes ofn nadroedd arnoch chi?  -  Nac oes!
			- Are you afraid of snakes?  -  No!

		Oes ofn tywyllwch ar y plant?  -  Oes!
			- Are the children afraid of the dark?  - Yes!

			Oes ofn mellt a tharanau arnoch chi   -  Oes!
		- Are you afraid of thunder and lightning?  - Yes!

RHAN 2

1.	It is not only nouns that are the objects of our fear.  We can place verb nouns 		after 'ofn' in exactly the same way.

				ofn boddi			-	the fear of drowning 
									afraid of drowning
				ofn heneiddio		-	the fear of growing old
									afraid of growing old
				ofn colli			-	the fear of losing
									afraid of losing

			Mae ofn boddi arni hi.
				- She’s afraid of drowning.

			Does dim ofn colli arna’ i.
			- I’m not afraid of losing.

	2.	arnon ni		-	on us
		arnyn nhw		-	on them

			Dydyn nhw ddim yn hoffi dðr achos mae ofn boddi arnyn nhw.
			- They don’t like water because they're afraid of drowning.
		  	 (…..there is a fear of drowning on them).

			Does dim ofn colli arnon ni.
			- We're not afraid of losing.
		  	 (There isn't a fear of losing on us).

		Oes ofn heneiddio arnoch chi?
			- Are you afraid of growing old?
		  	 (Is there a fear of growing old on you?)

			Does dim ofn cðn arnyn nhw ond mae ofn (cðn) arnon ni.
			- They’re not afraid of dogs but we’re afraid (of dogs)

		Mae ofn nadroedd arnyn nhw ond does dim ofn corrod arnyn nhw.
		- They’re afraid of snakes but they’re not afraid of spiders.
3.		You've already met the questions

			Beth sy'n bod?		  		 -	   What's the matter?  /   What's wrong?
						
			Beth sy'n bod ar y car?	 -		What's the matter with the car?
										What's wrong with the car?

		We can use any of the personal forms of 'ar' also

			Beth sy'n bod arna’ i?	-	What’s the matter with me?
			Beth sy'n bod arnat ti? 	-	What's the matter with you?
			Beth sy'n bod arni hi?	-	What's the matter with her?
			Beth sy'n bod arno fe (fo)?	-	What's the matter with him?
			Beth sy'n bod arnon ni?	-	What's the matter with us?
			Beth sy'n bod arnoch chi?	-	What's the matter with you?
			Beth sy'n bod arnyn nhw?	-	What's the matter with them?

		You'll find that Beth? is often pronounced Be'?

	4.	To reply - we can talk about our fears

			Be(th) sy'n bod ar y plant?
			- Mae ofn llygod arnyn nhw.

			Be(th) sy'n bod arnat ti?
			- Mae ofn dðr arna' i.

	5.	We can easily talk about the past by changing ‘Beth sydd?’ to ‘Beth oedd?’

			Be(th) oedd yn bod arni hi?
			- What was wrong with her?

			Be(th) oedd yn bod arnat ti?
			- What was wrong with you?

	6.	And the replies  -  use ‘Roedd’ instead of ‘Mae’

		Roedd ofn llygod arni hi.
			- She was afraid of mice.

			Roedd ofn dðr arna' i.
			- I was afraid of water.

	7.	The negatives are just as easy  -  use  ‘Doedd dim’ instead of ‘Does dim’

			Doedd dim ofn tywyllwch arnyn nhw.
			- They weren't afraid of the dark.
		
			Doedd dim ofn colli ar y t”m.
			- The team wasn't afraid of losing.

	8.	Direct questions  -  use  ‘Oedd?’ instead of ‘Oes?’

			Oedd ofn cðn arnoch chi?  -  Oedd!
			- Were you afraid of dogs?  -  Yes!
		
			Oedd ofn mellt a tharanau ar y plant?  -  Oedd!
			- Were the children afraid of thunder and lightning?  - Yes!
		
			Oedd ofn marw arno fe (fo)?  -  Nac oedd.
			- Was he afraid of dying?  -  No.

	9.	The personal forms of ‘ar’ in full

		1.  arna’ i			   1.  arnon ni
		2.  arnat ti		   2.  arnoch chi
		     arnoch chi
		3.  arni hi			   3.  arnyn nhw
		     arno fe (fo)