GWERS 40

CYFLWYNYDD:    CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:	    Disgrifio pobl

	Geirfa

		tal	-	tall	byr	-	short
		tew	-	fat	tenau	-	thin
		golau	-	fair	tywyll	-	dark
		pert	-	pretty	moel	-	bald
		tlws (N.W.)	-	pretty 		balch	-	proud, haughty
		crac (S.W.)	-	angry	swil	-	shy
		dig (N.W.)	-		angry	nerfus	-	nervous
		hael	-	generous	unig	-	lonely
		eiddigeddus/ 	-	jealous/	caredig	-	kind
		 cenfigennus		       envious	cydwybodol	-	     	conscientious			gwael	-		poor in 	gweithgar	-		hard working,
				         quality 			          industrious
		da	-		good		golygus	-	handsome			
			
		meddwl	-	to think	credu	-		to believe
		gwybod	-	to know	siðr	-	to be sure
		gobeithio	-	to hope	amau	-	to suspect
		teimlo	-	to feel

		plismon	-		policeman	meddyg	-	doctor
		athro	-		male 	athrawes  f	-	female teacher
				            teacher
		cyfreithiwr	-		solicitor	nyrs(us)	-	nurse(s)
		bachgen	-		boy	merch(ed)  f	-	girl(s)	
		bechgyn	-	boys	        

		rhaglen  f	-	programme	maes		-	field, pitch	

RHAN 1

	1.	In Gwers 16 we looked at ways of describing people.  When the adjective 		stands independently it is always preceded by 'yn' (which causes a Soft 			Mutation

		Mae Bill yn dal ac yn denau ac yn olygus.		
		- Bill is tall, thin and handsome.

		Roedd Tom Thumb yn fyr.	
		- Tom Thumb was short.

		Ydy hi'n dew?			
		- Is she fat?

		Dydy e ddim yn denau.		
		- He isn't thin.

	2.	We’ve also learned  how to qualify adjectives in three ways:

	(a)	eitha' - quite

		This stands between 'yn' and the adjective. There is no mutation after it.

			Mae e'n eitha' tew.			
			- He's quite fat.

			Roedd Emyr yn eitha' mawr.	
			- Emyr was quite big.

	(b)	rhy - too

		Again this stands between 'yn' and the adjective - but this time it is 		followed by a Soft Mutation

			Mae e'n rhy dew.	
			-	He's too fat.

			Roedd Emyr yn rhy fawr.	
			-	Emyr was too big.

	(c)	iawn    -   very

		This follows the adjective

			Mae e'n dew iawn.	
			-	He's very fat.

			Roedd Emyr yn fawr iawn.	
			- Emyr was very big.

	3.	In describing feelings in the past - we usually use the Imperfect (was / were) 		Tense

		Roeddwn i	-	I was	Doeddwn i ddim 	- 	I wasn't
		Roeddet ti	-	you were	Doeddet ti ddim	-	you weren't
		Roedd e(o)/hi 	-	he/she was	Doedd(o)e/hi ddim 	-	he/she wasn't

		Roedden ni	-	we were	Doedden ni ddim	-	we weren't
		Roeddech chi 	- 	you were	Doeddech chi ddim 	-	you weren't
		Roedden nhw	-	they were	Doedden nhw ddim	-	they weren't

			Roeddwn i'n grac / ddig.	
			- I was angry.

			Roedd o / e'n swil.	
			- He was shy.

			Roedden nhw'n hael.	
			- They were generous.

			Roedd y ferch yn falch.	
			- The girl was proud.

	You could make negative statements

		Doeddwn i ddim yn grac.	
		- I wasn't angry.

		Doedd hi ddim yn swil.	
		- She wasn't shy.

		Doedden nhw ddim yn eiddigeddus. 
		- They weren't jealous.

	You could also ask

		Oedd hi'n swil?  -   Nac oedd.
		 - Was she shy?  -   No.

		Oedden nhw'n grac / ddig?  -  Oedden, wir.
		 - Were they angry?  -  Yes, indeed.

	4.	teimlo     -      to feel

		'Dw i'n teimlo'n unig.
		 - I feel (am feeling) lonely.

		Wyt ti'n teimlo'n swil weithiau?
		 - Do you feel shy sometimes?

		Oedd e'n teimlo'n grac?
		 - Was he feeling angry?
		 (i.e. Did he feel angry?)

		Doedden nhw ddim yn teimlo’n eiddigeddus.
		- They weren’t feeling envious.

RHAN 2

	1.	We have seen 'yn' followed by an adjective

		Mae hi'n bert. 	
		-  She's pretty.

		Roedd y plant yn hapus. 	
		- The children were happy.

	'yn' can also be followed by a noun (which also undergoes a Soft Mutation)

		Mae Lesley yn fachgen. 	
		- Lesley is a  boy.

		Roedd hi'n feddyg.  	
		- She was a doctor.

	We can add an adjective to these nouns.  Notice that the adjective follows the 	noun in Welsh 

	There is no mutation after a singular, masculine noun 

		Mae Tom yn fachgen da.  
		- 	Tom is a good boy.

		Roedd e'n blismon tal. 	
		-  He was a tall policeman.

	2.	There is no mutation either if the noun is plural (masculine or feminine)

		Maen nhw'n fechgyn da.
		- They’re good boys.

		Maen nhw'n ferched da.
		- They’re good girls.

		Maen nhw'n nyrsus caredig.
		- They’re kind nurses.

	3.	But if the noun is singular, feminine the adjective which follows 				undergoes a Soft Mutation

		Mae hi'n ferch fawr.
		- She’s a big girl.

		Mae Mary'n athrawes dda.
		- Mary’s a good teacher.

	4.	In previous lessons you have learnt to convey the same information
		as we have in the above sentences  -  but using the ‘emphatic pattern’  -
		i.e. emphasizing the important information by placing it first.

			Mae e’n blismon.
			Plismon ydy e (o).	

			Roedd hi’n athrawes.
			Athrawes oedd hi.

	5.	In Gwers 38  you learnt to say things like:

		. . . that Panorama is /    	- 	…. bod Panorama
		. . . that the film is / was 	- 	…. bod y ffilm

	We can now learn to say

		. . . that he is / was 	- 	…. ei fod e (o)
		. . . that she is / was 	- 	…. ei bod hi
		. . . that they are / were 	- 	…. eu bod nhw

		'Dw i'n meddwl ei fod e'n garedig.
		- I think that he's kind.

		'Dw i'n credu ei fod e'n fachgen swil (iawn)
		- I believe that he's a (very) shy boy.

		Roeddwn i'n siðr ei bod hi'n ferch dda.
		- I was sure that she was a good girl.

		'Dw i'n gwybod eu bod nhw'n grac / ddig.
		- I know that they are angry.

	Notice that these patterns can convey the Present or  the Past Tense - 		depending on the tense of the first part

		'Dw i'n siðr ei fod e / o… 		    - 	I'm sure that he is….
		Roeddwn i'n siðr ei fod e / o       - 	I was sure that he was….