GWERS 37

CYFLWYNYDD:     CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:     Trafod  y gwyliau eto ac adolygu gorffennol y ferf 'cael' a berfau 
               rheolaidd (regular verbs).

	Geirfa	

		hyfryd	-	lovely	diflas	-	miserable
		hapus	-	happy	gwych	-	superb, super
		ofnadwy	-	terrible	da	-	good

		yn fawr iawn	-	very much	o gwbl	-	at all

		gwyliau	-	holiday(s)	tywydd	-	weather
		gwesty	-	hotel	llety	-	accommodation		traeth	-	beach 	tocyn	-	ticket
				hufen i‰	-		ice cream	losin, da da	-	sweets
		dillad	-	clothes	  fferins
		amser 	-	time	malwod	-	snails
		glaw	-	rain	pwll nofio	-	swimming pool

			bwyta	-		to eat	aros		-	to stay
			nofio	-		to swim	ymdrochi	-	to bathe
			torheulo	-		to sunbathe	chwarae	-	to play
			mwynhau	-	to enjoy 	gweld	-	to see
			prynu	-		to buy	talu (am)	-	to pay (for)
			
		bob dydd	-	every day	bob bore	-	every morning
		bob nos	-	every night	bob p’nawn	-	every afternoon

				weithiau	-		sometimes	yn aml	-	often
		ambell waith	-	occasionally	dim ond	-	only

		fy hun(an)	-	myself	ein hunain	-	ourselves
		dy hun(an)	-	yourself 	eich hunain	-	yourselves
		eich hun(an)
		ei hun(an)	-	her/himself	eu hunain	-	themselves

		
RHAN 1

	1.	Let's begin by revising the positive statement forms of 'cael' (to have)

				Fe / Mi ges i			        	-	I had	
				Fe / Mi gest ti			-	you had	
				Fe / Mi gafodd  e(o) /	- 	he / she / Mair had
				   hi / Mair      	
	
				Fe / Mi gawson ni 	-	we had
				Fe / Mi gawsoch chi	-	you had
				Fe / Mi gawson nhw	-	they had

	Remember that when the object (the person or thing about whom / which you 	are speaking) follows a 'short' verb of this kind, it undergoes a Soft Mutation.

			Fe gest ti wyliau da.			
			- You had a good holiday.

			Fe gawson ni westy ofnadwy.	
			- We had a terrible hotel.

			Mi gawson nhw dywydd gwych.	
				- They had super weather.

	2.	The question forms are quite simple  -  drop the positive marker  ‘Mi / Fe’ 
		but keep the mutation.

				Ges i?			-	Did I have?
				Gest ti?				-	Did you have?
				Gafodd Tom / e (o)	-	Did Tom / he / she have?
				 / hi?		

				Gawson ni?			-	Did we have?
				Gawsoch chi?			-	Did you have?
				Gawson nhw? 		-	Did they have?

		The standard replies to all questions in the Past Tense is

					Do 	- 	Yes
					Naddo 	- 	No

			Gest ti lety da?   -	  Do.
			- Did you have good accommodation?  -  Yes.

			Gawson nhw dywydd braf?  -  Naddo.
			- Did they have fine weather?  -  No.		

	3.	As you know, regular verbs (i.e. most verbs) form the Past Tense by 			adding certain endings to the stem

				Fe / Mi fwytais i			-	 	I ate			 
					Fe / Mi brynaist ti			-		you bought 		 
					Fe / Mi ymdrochodd e / 	- 		he / she /  Gwyn bathed 	
                                hi / Gwyn
				Fe / Mi nofion ni			-		we  swam
				Fe / Mi weloch chi			- 		you  saw
				Fe / Mi dorheulon nhw 	- 		they sunbathed

				Fe brynodd hi losin bob dydd.
				- She bought sweets every day.

				Mi nofiais i bob bore.
				- I swam every morning.

				Fe fwyton ni hufen i‰ yn aml.
				- We often ate ice cream.

	4.	Notice the slight change in the stem of the following two verbs

					aros		 	-		arhos -
					mwynhau		-		mwynheu -

				Fe arhoson ni mewn gwesty mawr.				
				- We stayed in a large hotel.

				Mi fwynheuodd y plant eu hunain yn fawr iawn.
				- The children enjoyed themselves very much.

	5.	When asking questions, just drop the positive marker ‘Fe’/’Mi’ and 			adopt a questioning tone of voice . Once again keep the mutation - and 			remember also to mutate the object

			Ddarllenaist ti bapur?	-    Do.	
			- Did you read a paper?  -   Yes.

			Fwytodd hi fara?  -  Naddo.		
			- Did she eat bread?  -  No.

RHAN 2

	1.	You’ll remember that both ‘Pwy?’ (Who?/Whom?) and ‘Beth?’ (What?) 			cause the verb which follows to undergo a Soft Mutation

				Pwy welaist ti?		
			- Whom did you see?

				Pwy dorheulodd?	
			- Who sunbathed?

			Beth brynaist ti?		
			- What did you buy?

	2.	In replying to ‘Pwy?’  questions it is often adequate to use single,independent 		personal pronouns

					fi	-	I / me					ni		-	we / us
					ti	-	you		 			chi	-	you
					fe/fo	-	he / him				nhw	-	they / them
					hi	-	she / her

			Pwy dalodd?   -  Fi
			- Who paid?  -   Me (I did)!

				Pwy brynodd yr hufen i‰?  -  Nhw!
				- Who bought the ice cream?  -  Them (They did)!

3. 		Do you remember the negative forms of the Past Tense?  Just drop 			‘Fe / Mi’ and add 'ddim'.

			Fwytais i ddim malwod.
			- I didn't eat (any) snails.

			Nofion ni ddim yn y môr  -  dim ond yn y pwll nofio.						- We didn't swim in the sea  -  only in the swimming pool.

				Welon nhw ddim glaw.
			- They didn't see (any) rain.

	Remember that there is no need to translate 'any' into Welsh

	4.	Don't forget the Aspirate Mutation in the negative forms of verbs beginning with  C, P and T

			Thaloch chi ddim am y tocyn.					
			- You didn't pay for the ticket.

			Phrynodd hi ddim hufen i‰.	
			- She didn't buy (any) ice cream.

			Chysgon nhw ddim yn dda yn y babell.
			- They didn’t sleep well in the tent.

	5.	Of course the irregular verb ‘cael’ begins with a  ‘C’

					Ches i ddim			    -	I didn’t have
					Chest ti ddim			    -	you didn’t have
					Chafodd e (o) /hi /	    -	he / she / Gareth didn’t have
					   Gareth ddim

					Chawson ni ddim	    -	we didn’t have
					Chawsoch chi ddim    -	you didn’t have
					Chawson nhw ddim	 -	they didn’t have

				Chawson ni ddim glaw o gwbl.
				- We didn’t have (any) rain at all.

				Chafodd y plant ddim dillad newydd.
				- The children didn’t have new clothes.
			
				Ches i ddim tywydd braf.
				- I didn’t have fine weather.