GWERS 31

CYFLWYNYDD:    ANN M. JONES

NOD:	To look at the Past Preterite forms of the verb.

	Geirfa

		gwneud	-	to do/make	codi	-	to get up
		ymolchi	-	to have 	bwyta	-	to eat
				   a wash
		darllen	-	to read	cysgu	-	to sleep
		prynu	-	to buy	siarad	-	to talk, speak
		nofio	-	to swim	dysgu	-	to learn
		edrych ar	-	to look at 	gwylio	-	to watch
		ffonio	-	to telephone	gweithio	-	to work
		sgorio	-	to score
		
		Beth?	-	What?	Pwy?		-	Who(m)?
		Pryd?	-	When?	Ble?			-	Where?
		Pam?		-		Why?

		am		-	at, for	newydd		-	new
		hefyd		-	too, also	dros y Sul	-	over the weekend
		dim byd	-		nothing,	felly			-	so, therefore
				             anything

		pwll nofio	-	swimming	teledu		-	television
				             pool
		llyfr		-	book	papur		-	paper
		dillad		-	clothes	caws		-	cheese
		cig		-	meat	llaeth		-	milk
		cwrw		-	beer	llefrith(NW)

RHAN 1

	1.	'Gwneud' is one of the four irregular verbs in Welsh, so learn the 			question forms 'parrot fashion'.

	(a)	Beth wnaethoch chi?	  -	What did you do?

			Beth wnaethoch chi ddoe?
			- What did you do yesterday?
			Beth wnaethoch chi yn Birminham ddydd Sadwrn?
			- What did you do in Birmingham on Saturday?

	(b)	Beth wnest ti?	 -     What did you do? (familiar)

			Beth wnest ti dros y Sul?
			- What did you do over the weekend?

			Beth wnest ti ar dy wyliau?
			- What did you do on (your) holiday?

	2.	To reply we need to be able to use any verb in the Past Preterite Tense.

		To form the Past Preterite Tense of regular verbs in Welsh  - certain 		endings are added to the stem of the verb.

		(a)	The stem is normally the verb-noun minus the last syllable.

			e.g.		codi	-	cod -
					ymolchi	- 	ymolch -
					cysgu	-	cysg -
					bwyta	-	bwyt -	

		Notice that if a verb noun nas an ‘i’ in the final syllable, it is kept 		when the ending is added

					sgorio	-	sgori -

	(b)	A few verbs use the whole verb-noun as the stem

			e.g.		siarad	-	siarad -
					darllen 	-	darllen -
					eistedd	-	eistedd -
					edrych 	-	edrych -
					chwarae	-	chwarae -

	3.	The ending for the 1st person singular is    -ais

	In ordinary speech we also place the 'positive marker' 'Fe' (South 		Wales) or 'Mi' (North Wales) in front of the verb.  This has no 		translatable value, but denotes the fact that a positive statement is 	about to be made.

		codi		-	Fe /Mi godais i	-	I got up
		ymolchi	-	Fe/Mi ymolchais i	-	I washed (had a wash)
		darllen	-	Fe/Mi ddarllenais i	-	I read
		prynu	-	Fe/Mi brynais i	-	I bought
		sgorio	-	Fe/Mi sgoriais i	-	I scored

	And do you remember the irregular verbs ‘mynd’ and ‘cael’?

		mynd		-	Fe/Mi es i		-	I went
		cael		-	Fe/Mi ges i		-	I had

	4.	These forms are used to reply to the questions asked in No. 1

		Beth wnaethoch chi ddoe?
		- What did you do yesterday?
		Fe ddarllenais i nofel.	
		- I read a novel.

		Beth wnest ti neithiwr?	
		- What did you do last night?
		Mi chwaraeais i rygbi.
		- I played rugby.

	5.	To form the negative, drop the 'positive marker' 'Fe / Mi' and add 'ddim'.

			Fe ymolchais i		-	I washed
			Ymolchais i ddim	-	I didn't wash

			Mi ddarllenais i	-	I read
			Ddarllenais i ddim	-	I didn't read

			Fe sgoriais i		-	I scored
			Sgoriais i ddim	-	I didn't score

	6.	Verbs beginning with C, P or T need special attention in the negative.  Do 		you remember learning the Past Tense of the irregular verb 'cael' ?

			I had				-	Fe/Mi ges i
			I didn't have		-	Ches i ddim

	The same rule applies to all verbs which begin with C,  P or T

			c  >	ch		p  > ph        t  >	th

		codi		-	Fe/Mi godais i	-	Chodais i ddim
		prynu	-	Fe/Mi brynais i	-	Phrynais i ddim
		talu		-	Fe/Mi dalais i	-	Thalais i ddim

		Don't let these mutations worry you.  They don't change the meaning of 			the word and it would not be the end of the world if you didn't use them!  		In time, your ear will 'tell' you, believe me!

	
				Beth wnaethoch chi ddoe?
				- What did you do yesterday?
		Fe godais i'n gynnar ond es i ddim i'r parc.
		- I got up early but I didn’t go to the park.

			Beth wnest ti ddydd Sadwrn?
			- What did you do on Saturday?
			Mi es i'r dre' ond phrynais i ddim byd. 
			- I went to town but I didn’t buy anything.

			Beth wnest ti yn Abertawe?
			- What did you do in Swansea?		
			Fe chwaraeais i rygbi ond sgoriais i ddim.
			- I played rugby but I didn’t score.

RHAN 2

	1.	We don’t have to keep to the question ‘What did you do?’. We can 			move on to use any verb.

		The 2nd person singular ending of regular verbs is    - aist 

		Beth welaist ti?		-	What did you see?
		Pwy welaist ti?		-	Whom did you see?
		Beth brynaist ti?		-	What did you buy?
		Beth fwytaist ti?		-	What did you eat?	
		Beth yfaist ti?			-	What did you drink?

	Notice that the verb undergoes a Soft Mutation after ‘Beth?’ and ‘Pwy?’

	2.	There is no mutation after ‘Pryd?’ and ‘Ble?’

		Pryd codaist ti ?		-	When did you get up?
		Pryd prynaist ti ...?		-	When did you buy ...?
		Ble gwelaist ti ...?		-	Where did you see ...?
		Ble darllenaist ti ...?		-	Where did you read ...?

	3.	The replies can be a single word, a short phrase or a complete sentence.

		Beth welaist ti ym Moscow?
		- Y Kremlin!
		- Fe welais i'r Kremlin ym Moscow.

		Beth brynaist ti yn Llundain?
		- Dillad!
		- Mi brynais i ddillad.

		Pryd codaist ti’r bore ‘ma?
		- Am saith o’r gloch!
		- Fe godais i am saith o’r gloch y bore ’ma.

		Pwy welaist ti yn y parc?
		- John!
		- Mi welais i John yn y parc.
	
		Ble gwelaist ti Cennard?
		- Yn y dre’!
		- Mi welais i Cennard yn y dre'.

	4.	Remember that the direct object undergoes a Soft Mutation in positive 			sentences but as the mutation appears on ‘ddim’ in negative sentences, the 		noun appears in its unmutated form.

			Fe fwytais i gaws, ond fwytais i ddim cig.
		- I ate cheese, but I didn't eat meat.

		Mi yfais laeth ond yfais i ddim cwrw.
		- I drank milk but I didn't drink beer.

	5.	To form direct questions - just drop the 'positive marker' and adopt 		a questioning tone of voice.

	As with all 'Did?' questions, the answers are 

			Do			-	Yes
			Naddo		-	No

		Welaist ti Basil ddoe? -  Do.
		- Did you see Basil yesterday?  - Yes.

		Brynaist ti gar newydd?  -  Naddo.
		- Did you buy a new car?  -  No.

		Ddarllenaist ti'r 'Western Mail' y bore ma?  -  Do.
		- Did you read the Western Mail this morning?  - Yes.

	6.	Notice the two different meanings of 'am'

			am saith o'r gloch	-		at 7 o clock
			am ddwy awr		-		for two hours

			Fe godais i am hanner awr wedi chwech bore ddoe.
			- I got up at half past six yesterdsy morning.

			Fe redais i yn y parc am awr.
			- I ran in the park for an hour.

	7.	Sgwrs 

		Morgan:		Shwmai Angharad?
		Angharad:		Shwmai Morgan?  Welaist ti Bryn Terfel ar y teledu 					neithiwr?
		Morgan:		Naddo wir.  Fe es i allan neithiwr.  Welaist ti e?
		Angharad:		Do - roedd e'n dda iawn.  Ble est ti neithiwr?
		Morgan:		Fe es i i'r pwll nofio ac fe nofiais i am ddwy awr.  					Felly edrychais i ddim ar y teledu neithiwr.  Beth 					wnest ti?
		Angharad:		Fe wyliais i'r teledu, fe ddarllenais i ac fe fwytais i 					siocled!  Ond weithiais i ddim.
		Morgan:		Beth ddarllenaist ti?
		Angharad:		Y papur - y 'Daily Post'.  Ac fe siaradais i ar y ff™n 					gyda Bethan hefyd.
		Morgan:		Pryd ffoniaist ti Bethan?
		Angharad:		Am chwech o'r gloch.  Pam?
		Morgan:		Fe welais i hi yn y pwll nofio am saith o'r gloch.