GWERS 138

CYFLWYNYDD:    ANN M.JONES

NOD:	    Ffurfiau amhersonol cryno’r Amser Presennol a’r Dyfodol. (The concise impersonal forms of the Present and FutureTenses).  	

	Geirfa

		gohirio		-	to postpone	gwella		-	to improve
		ateb			-	to answer	gobeithio		-	to hope
		disgwyl		-	to expect	credu		-	to believe
		cynnal		-	to hold			rhoi			-	to give, put
		gwneud		-	to do, make		cael		-		to have
		mynd		-	to go			mynd â		-	to take

		Cadeirydd	-	Chairman	canlyniad		-	result
		hanner nos	-	midnight	hanner dydd		-	midday
		gweithwyr	-	workers, workmen 	cân  f		-	song
		côr			-	choir			niweidiau		-	injuries
		pwyllgor		-	committee (meeting)	pawb	-		everyone, all
		marchnad  f	-	market			dyn		-		man
		ysbyty		-	hospital			damwain  f	-		accident

		er gwaetha'	-	in spite of		ar ôl		-		after

RHAN 1

	1.	The ending which is added to the stem of all regular verbs in the Present 
			and Future Tenses is  -ir.  (It is the context of the sentence which tells 
			you which tense is intended)

				credu		-		cred-		credir
				gweld		-		gwel-		gwelir
				prynu		-		pryn-		prynir
				cyhoeddi	-		cyhoedd-		cyhoeddir

				darllen	-		darllen-		darllenir
				agor		-		agor-		agorir

				Mae (Fe fydd) y gêm yn cael ei chwarae yfory.  
				Chwaraeir y gêm yfory.
				- The game is (will be) played tomorrow.

				Rydyn ni (Fe fyddwn ni)'n cael ein dysgu gan Cennard.  
				Dysgir ni gan Cennard.
				- We are (will be) taught by Cennard.

				Rydych chi (Mi fyddwch chi)'n cael eich ateb gan y Cadeirydd.
				Atebir chi gan y Cadeirydd.
				- You are (will be) answered by the Chairman.

		Mae (Fe fydd) y canlyniad yn cael ei gyhoeddi am hanner nos.
		Cyhoeddir y canlyniad am hanner nos.
				- The result is (will be) announced at midnight.

	2.	You will find that the ending  -ir causes a change of vowel in some 
			verbs  -  usually an 'a' becomes an 'e'.  (This is a minor point of grammar 
			and not something about which you should worry too much)

					talu		-	tel-		telir
						canu		-	cen-	         cenir
					siarad		-	siared-		siaredir

				Mae (Fe fydd) y gweithwyr yn cael eu talu bob dydd Iau.
				Telir y gweithwyr bob dydd Iau.
				- The workers are (will be) paid every Thursday.

				Mae (Fe fydd) y gân yn cael ei chanu gan y côr.  
				Cenir y gân gan y côr.
				- The song is (will be) sung by the choir.

				Mae (Mi fydd) y drysau'n cael eu hagor am saith o'r gloch.
				Agorir y drysau am saith o'r gloch.
				- The doors are (will be) opened at seven o' clock.

	3.	Most impersonal forms have a subject

				Cyhoeddir y llyfr yr wythnos nesa'.
				Agorir y drysau am 7 o'r gloch.

		But some impersonal forms stand independently

					Credir		-	It is believed
					Gobeithir	-	It is hoped
					Dywedir	-	It is said
					Deellir		-	It is understood

				Credir bod y gêm wedi cael ei gohirio.
				- It is believed that the game has been postponed.

				Credir bod dau ddyn wedi cael niweidiau difrifol.
				- It is believed that two men have received serious injuries.

				Gobeithir cynnal parti.
				- It is hoped to hold a party.

				Gobeithir dal y lladron yn fuan.
				- It is hoped to catch the thieves quickly (soon).

				Dywedir bod y tywydd yn mynd i wella.
				- It is said that the weather is going to improve.

				Deellir bod y plismyn wedi dal y lladron.
				- It is understood that the policemen have caught the thieves.

	
RHAN 2

	1.	Some verbs are irregular, so it is better to learn the impersonal forms
			parrot fashion

				cael			-	ceir	-	cafwyd
				gwneud		-	gwneir	-	gwnaethpwyd / gwnaed
				mynd â		-	eir â	-	aethpwyd â

				Ceir tywydd poeth yn Florida.
				- Hot weather is (to be) had in Florida.

				Cafwyd amser da gan bawb.
				- A good time was had by all.

				Gwneir te ar ôl y pwyllgor.
				- Tea is made after the committee meeting.

				Gwnaethpwyd (Gwnaed) llawer o arian yn y ffair.
				- A lot of money was made in the fair.

				Eir â'r anifeiliaid i'r farchnad bob mis.
				- The animals are taken to (the) market every month.

				Aethpwyd â'r dyn i'r ysbyty ar ôl y ddamwain.
				- The man was taken to the hospital after the accident.

	2.	Other verbs are not exactly irregular - but they do have a slight 
			rregularity in their personal forms

					cynnal			-	cynhelir	-	cynhaliwyd
						rhoi (rhoddi)	-	rhoddir	-	rhoddwyd

				Cynhelir pwyllgor nos Lun nesa'.
				- A committee meeting will be held next Monday night.

				Cynhaliwyd y gêm er gwaetha'r tywydd.
				- The game was held in spite of the weather.

				Rhoddir anrheg i bob plentyn.
				- A present is given to every child.

				Rhoddwyd anrheg i bawb.
				- Everyone was given a present.

		

	3.	To make negative statements - merely place 'Ni' in front of the verb

				Ni siaredir Almaeneg yn Rwsia.
				- German is not spoken in Russia.

				Ni atebwyd y cwestiynau.
- The questions were not answered.

		'Ni' causes an Aspirate Mutation to verbs beginning with c, p and t

				Ni chafwyd enillydd.
				- A winner was not had (no winner was found).
				
				Ni chynhelir y pwyllgor nos yfory.
				- The committee meeting will not be held tomorrow night.
				
				Ni phrynwyd car newydd.
				- A new car was not bought.

				Ni thelir arian i'r plant.
				- The children are not paid (any) money.

		'Ni' causes a Soft Mutation in the other mutatable consonants

				Ni welwyd y ffilm.
				- The film was not seen.

				Ni ddaliwyd y lleidr.
- The thief was not caught.

				Ni roddir anrhegion.
				- Presents are not given.