GWERS 28

CYFLWYNYDD:    CENNARD DAVIES

NOD:	Dysgu sut i gymharu pethau (comparing things) gan ganolbwyntio 
		ar gymariaethau afreolaidd (concentrating on irregular comparisons).

	Geirfa

	cymharu	-	to compare	
	
	llawr		-	floor			dùr		 -	water
	cwrw		-	beer			ffrwythau	 -	fruit
	trydan	-	electricity

	ei gilydd	-	each other		y llall		 -	the other (one)

	Some of the most commonly used adjectives are compared irregularly. We 
	shall concentrate on some of them.

	Adjective		Equative		Comparative	Superlative

	e.g.  good 		as good as 		better than		the best

	bach 			cyn lleied ‰		yn llai na 		y lleiaf
	mawr 		cymaint ‰		yn fwy na		y mwyaf
	da 			cystal ‰		yn well na		y gorau
	drwg 		cynddrwg ‰		yn waeth na		y gwaethaf
	isel 			cyn ised ‰		yn is na 		yr isaf
	uchel 		cyn uched ‰		yn uwch na		yr uchaf
	agos 			cyn nesed ‰		yn nes na		y nesaf
	hawdd		cyn hawsed ‰	yn haws na		yr hawsaf

										
RHAN 1

	1.	Y Radd Gyfartal	 -	The Equative Degree

		(a)	bach   (small / little)	-	cyn lleied ‰ / ag   (as small / little as)

				Dydy Caerdydd ddim cyn lleied ‰ Bangor.
				- Cardiff isn't as small as Bangor.

				Ydy byngalo Mair cyn lleied ‰'n byngalo ni?
				- Is Mair's bungalow as small as our bungalow?			

		(b)	mawr   (big / large)	-	cymaint ‰ / ag   (as big / large / much as)

				Dydy Caeredin ddim cymaint ‰ Barcelona.
				- Edinburgh isn't as big as Barcelona.

				Mae Tom cymaint ‰ Geraint.
				- Tom is as big as Geraint.

		(c)	drwg   (bad / naughty)	-	cynddrwg ‰ /ag   (as bad / naughty as)

				Mae'r bechgyn cynddrwg ‰'i gilydd.
				- The boys are as bad as each other.

				Dydy'r tywydd heddiw ddim cynddrwg ‰ ddoe.
				- The weather today isn't as bad as yesterday.

		(ch)	da   (good)	-	cystal ‰ /ag   (as good as)

				Dydy'r ffilm ddim cystal ‰'r llyfr.
				- The film isn't as good as the book.

				Oedd y merched cystal ‰'r bechgyn?
				- Were the girls as good as the boys?  

											
		(d)	isel   (low)	-	cyn ised ‰ / ag   (as low as)

				Dydy Cymru ddim cyn ised ‰'r Iseldiroedd.
				- Wales isn't as low as the Netherlands.

			Notice that 'isel' means 'low in volume' (i.e. quiet) as well as 
			'low in position'.

				Dydy'r record 'ma ddim cyn ised ‰'r llall.
				-  This record isn't as low (quiet) as the other one.

											 
		(dd)	uchel   (high)	-	cyn uched ‰ / ag   (as high as)

				Ydy Cader Idris cyn uched ‰'r Wyddfa?  -  Nac Ydy.
				- Is Cader Idris as high as Snowdon?  -  No.

			Notice that 'uchel' means 'high in volume' (i.e..loud) as well as
			'high in position'.

				Roedd yr ail record cyn uched ‰'r un gynta'.
				- The second record was as high (loud) as the first one.

		(e)	agos   (near)	-	cyn nesed ‰ /ag   (as near as)
						cyn agosed ‰ / ag

				Dydy Gatwick ddim cyn nesed ‰ Heathrow.
				- Gatwick isn't as near as Heathrow.

		(f)	hawdd   (easy)	-	cyn hawsed ‰ /ag   (as easy as)

				Mae siarad Cymraeg cyn hawsed ‰ siarad Ffrangeg.
				- Speaking Welsh is as easy as speaking French.

	    
											     
	2.	Notice that '‰' becomes 'ag' in front of a vowel.

				Dydy ci ddim cymaint ag eliffant!
				Ydy Ben Nevis cyn uched ag Everest?  -  Nac ydy.

	3.	Notice that '‰' causes an Aspirate Mutation.

				tß		-        Mae tß Bob cymaint ‰ thß Mair.
				car		-        Ydy beic cystal ‰ char?
				pwdin		-	    Mae ffrwythau cystal ‰ phwdin.

											    
RHAN 2

	1.	Y Radd Gymharol	        -           The Comparative Degree

		(a)	bach   (small / little)	-	yn llai na / nag   (smaller / less than)

				Mae Mini yn llai na Rolls Royce.
				- A Mini is smaller than a Rolls Royce.

				Mae Mini yn costio llai na Rolls Royce.
				- A Mini costs less than a Rolls Royce.

		(b)	mawr   (big / large)		-	yn fwy na / nag   (bigger / larger / more
											 than)	

				Mae Birmingham yn fwy na Bryste.
				- Birmingham is bigger than Bristol.

				Roedd y bil trydan yn fwy na hanner can punt.
				- The electricity bill was more than £50.

												
		(c)	drwg   (bad / naughty)	-	yn waeth na / nag   (worse than)

				Mae niwl yn waeth na glaw.
				- Fog is worse than rain.

				Mae'r tywydd heddiw'n waeth na ddoe.
				- The weather today is worse than yesterday.

		(ch)	da   (good)			-	yn well na   (better than)

				 Mae'r llyfr yn well na'r ffilm
				- The book is better than the film.

				Mae cwrw yn well na dùr!
				- Beer is better than water!

	(d)	isel    (low)			-	 yn is na / nag   (lower than)

			Mae'r m™r yn is na'r mynydd.
			- The sea is lower than the mountain.

	(dd)	uchel   (high)		-	yn uwch na    (higher than)

			Dydy Ben Nevis ddim yn uwch na K2.
			- Ben Nevis isn't higher than K2.

	(e)	agos   (near)			-	yn nes na / nag   (nearer than)

			Mae Bryste yn nes i Gaerdydd na Llundain.
			-  Bristol is nearer to Cardiff than London.

	(f)	hawdd   (easy)		-	yn haws na   (easier than)

			Mae siarad Cymraeg yn haws na darllen Cymraeg. 
			- Speaking Welsh is easier than reading Welsh.

										
	2.	Notice that 'na' becomes 'nag' in front of a vowel.

				Mae ci yn llai nag eliffant.
				Mae Caerdydd yn uwch nag Amsterdam.

	3.	Notice that 'na' causes an Aspirate Mutation.

				ci	-	     Mae ceffyl yn fwy na chi.
				Treorci	-	     Mae Gwenf™ yn llai na Threorci.
				Penarth	-	     Mae  Maesteg yn nes na Phenarth.

RHAN 3

	1.	Y Radd Eiithaf		-	The Superlative Degree

		It is important to note that the 'emphatic pattern' is always used with the
		Superlative Degree  -  i.e.  it is not possible to begin sentences with 'Mae /
		Roedd / Bydd'.

		(a)	bach   (small / little)	-	y lleiaf   (the smallest / least)
								(masc. + fem.)

				Tom ydy'r lleiaf yn y teulu.
				- Tom is the smallest in the family.

		(b)	mawr   (big / large)		-	y mwyaf   (the biggest / largest/ 
										greatest)  (masc.)
								y fwyaf   (fem.)

				Bill yw / ydy'r mwyaf.
				- Bill is the biggest.

				Mair yw'r fwyaf.
				- Mair is the biggest.

		(c)	drwg   (bad / naughty)	-	y gwaethaf   (the worst / naughtiest)
										(masc.)
								y waethaf   (fem.)

				Tywydd heddiw ydy'r gwaethaf.
				- Today's weather is the worst.

				Mair ydy'r waethaf.
				- Mair is the worst / naughtiest.

		(ch)	da   (good)			-	y gorau   (the best)   (masc.)
								yr orau   (fem.)

				Pavarotti ydy'r gorau.
				- Pavarotti is the best.

				Meryl Streep ydy'r orau.
				- Meryl Streep is the best.

		(d)	isel   (low)			-	yr isaf   (the lowest)   (masc. + fem.)

				Cadair Gwen ydy'r isaf.
				- Gwen's chair is the lowest.

		(dd)	uchel   (high)		-	yr uchaf   (the highest)   (masc. + fem.)

				Everest ydy'r uchaf.		
				- Everest is the highest.

		(e)	agos  (near)			-	y nesaf   (the nearest / next)  
									 (masc. + fem.)

				Y siop fara ydy'r nesaf at y llyfrgell.
				- The bread shop is the nearest to the library.

			'agosaf' is perfectly acceptable too.

											  
	(f)	hawdd   (easy)		-	yr hawsaf   (the easiest)   (masc. + fem.)

	In Welsh we add the ending -af to the comparative form

	e.g.	yr isaf	-	the lowest
		yr hawsaf	-	the easiest

	Notice the spelling of

	yr uchaf	-	the highest (not yr uwchaf)
	y lleiaf	-	the smallest (not y llaiaf)

	Note that the following is completely different

	y gorau	-	the best (not y gwellaf)

	Pavarotti ydy'r gorau.
	-	Pavarotti is the best.

	Dyna'r lle gwaethaf yng Nghymru. 
	-	That's the worst place in Wales.

	Mae Tryfan yn uchel ond yr Wyddfa ydy'r uchaf .
	-	 Tryfan is high but Snowdon is the highest.

	Mae Bill yn llai na Ben ond Tom ydy'r lleiaf.
	-	 Bill is smaller than Ben but Tom is the smallest.

	Notice

	We always use the emphatic pattern with the superlative form.

	Yr Wyddfa ydy'r uchaf.
	Tom ydy'r lleiaf.
	Pavarotti ydy'r gorau. (not Mae........)

	It will pay you to learn these irregular forms thoroughly as they are used so
	frequently.

										

(b)	DIARHEBION A DYWEDIADAU

	Does dim dwywaith amdani 	- 	There are no two ways about it.  							Without doubt.
	Gorau po fwyaf 			- 	The more the merrier.
	Gwell hwyr na hwyrach 		- 	Better late than never.
	Haws dweud na gwneud 		- 	Easier said than done.
	Cael y gorau ar rywun 		- 	To get the better of someone.

(c)	IDIOMAU

	wrth gwrs				-	of course
	wrth fy modd (dy etc)		-	in my (your etc) element
	ill dau				-	both of them
	ill tri					-	the three of them
	y gorau o bell ffordd		-	by far the best
	o'r farn				-	of the opinion
	a dweud y gwir			-	as a matter of fact, in fact
	lawn cystal ‰			-	quite as good as
	o ran corff				-	physically, from the point og view of
							physique
	ychydig yn fwy			-	a little larger
	heb drafferth			-	effortlessly
	prin ei fod e				-	he hardly (scarcely)....
	ar ei orau				-	at his best
	cyn bo hir				-	before long
	y ffordd waethaf bosib		-	the worst possible way
	ymhell dros				-	far in excess of
	's bosib (does bosib)		-	surely
	cymaint ‰ chymaint		-	not as many, not so much
	dau cymaint				-	twice as much
	cymaint arall			-	as much/many again
	llawn cymaint			-	quite as much
	hanner cystal			-	half as good
	yn llawer gwell			-	much better
	gorau po gyntaf			-	the sooner the better
	o'r gorau				-	very well (O.K.)
	am y cyntaf				-	for the first (to do something)